What are the three domains of development?
Physical/biological, cognitive, socioemotional
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the three domains of development? | Physical/biological, cognitive, socioemotional |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Prenatal- | conception of birth |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Infancy | birth 18-24 months |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Early Childhood- | -2-5,6 years |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Middle/Late Childhood- | -6 to 11 years |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Adolescence- | 10-12 to 18-21 years |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Early Adulthood | -20s to 30s |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Middle Adulthood-40s-60s | 40s-60s |
| Give the age ranges for the developmental periods listed below: Late Adulthood-60s-70s to death | 60s-70s to death |
| What are the major controversies in the field of lifespan development? Understand each. | Nature vs Nurture: genetics vs Environment, Stability vs Change: Do traits persist or change, continuity vs discontinuity: gradual development vs distinct stages. |
| What are the six theories of development? Who are the main theorists for each? What is the basic premise of each? | Psychoanalytic (Freud, Erikson): unconscious motives, early experiences. Cognitive (Piaget): thinking changes with age. Behavior/Social cognitive (Skinner, Bandura): learning through environment, modeling. Ethological (Lorenz, Bowlby): Biology, Critical periods. Ecological (Bronfenbrenner): Multiple environmental systems. Humanistic (Maslow, Rodgers): Self-actualization, personal growth. |
| What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research? | cross sectional is different ages at one time, longitudinal is same individuals over time. |
| . Each cell contains how many chromosomes that come in how many pairs. | 46 chromosomes 23 pairs |
| What are mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization? | cell division for growth/ repair, cell division for gametes (sex cells). sperm and egg unite. |
| Which parent determines the sex of the child? | the father |
| What is a genotype and phenotype? | genetic makeup, observable traits |
| What are the three periods of prenatal development and when does each occur? | conception to 2 weeks, : 2 to 8 weeks, 8 weeks to birth |
| . What is a teratogen and what are some common teratogens? | agent causing birth defects, common, alcohol, drugs, tobacco, certain infections. |
| What is the average baby’s weight and length at birth? | 7.5 pounds and 20 inches |
| What is prematurity? What are some of the complications of prematurity? Who is most likely to have a preterm baby? | born between 37 weeks' gestation. breathing, feeding, temperature regulation, infection risk. most likely: teen mothers, older mothers, multiple births, poor prenatal care. |
| When are infants considered to have a low birth weight? | Less than 5.5 pounds |
| What is postpartum depression? | Clinical depression after childbirth |
| Discuss the different birthing options that are available. | . Vaginal delivery, home birth, water birth, cesarean section. |
| What are some possible delivery complications? | Breech position, umbilical cord problems, fetal distress, prolonged labor, hemorrhage |
| What is bonding and why is it important? How can we increase bonding between infant and parent? | emotional connection between parent and infant, its important because it promotes healthy development, we can increase it by skin to skin, responsive caregiving. |
| Describe the cephalocaudal pattern and proximodistal pattern of physical development. What is the average size of a newborn and how much do they typically grow each month during the first two years? | head to toe development. Proximodistal: center-outward development, average newborn: 7.5 pounds 20 inches, one inch a month, double weight by 4-5 months, triple by a year. |
| Describe the two ways that neurons significantly change in the first year of life. What are the four lobes of the brain? How does sensory deprivation affect infant brain development? | myelination, increased connections. Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital. impairs brain development. |
| At what age do infants begin to take on a more adult like sleep pattern. What is SIDS? | Around 6 months. SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome, unexpected death of an infant, usually during sleep with no clear cause. |
| what are automatic and stereotyped responses to specific stimuli. | reflexes |
| Describe the rooting, grasping, and Moro reflexes. By what age should these reflexes disappear? | turns head when cheek is touched disappears by 3 weeks, grasps object places in and disappears by 3-4 months, startle response, arms fling out then in disappears by 3-4 months. |
| What is the difference in gross and fine motor development? What does the dynamic system theory say about motor development? | large muscle movements (crawling, walking), fine motor development: small muscle movements (grasping, drawing), motor development is a result of interaction between nervous system, body, environment, and motivation. |
| Psychologists use the visual preference method to study sensation and perception in children. What is habituation and dishabituation? Describe the visual preference method. | measures how long infants look at different stimuli to study perception. decreased response to repeated stimulus. renewed interest after change in stimulus. |
| What stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory is associated with childhood, and what are the main aspects of that theory? | sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) learning through senses and actions; object permanence develops. |
| Define schemas, assimilation, accommodation, organization, and equilibration. | mental frame works for organizing information, incorporating new info into existing schemas, changing schemas for new info, arranging schemas in a coherent way. balancing assimilation and accommodation for learning. |
| What is object permanence? Describe the A not B error. | understanding objects exist even when out of sight A not B error: infant looking for object when it is first hidden. A not new location. |
| What is joint attention? | shared focus of two people on an object or event, important for language and social development |
| Noam Chomsky developed the nativist perspective of language development. What did he say about language and what device did he say that humans used to learn language? What are some of the ways we can increase language development? | humans are biologically programmed for language, use language acquisition (LAD). Increase language: talk to the child, read, respond to vocalization, expose to rich language environment. |
| What are the first forms of emotional communication by an infant? | crying, smiling, facial expressions |
| How do infants communicate emotionally with their caregiver (smiles, reciprocal socialization)? | smiling, cooing, eye contact, reciprocal socialization. |
| Social and emotional interactions between infants and caregiver are | bidirectional or reciprocal. |
| What are the three basic types of temperament described by Chess and Thomas? | easy, difficult, slow to warm up. |
| What does the goodness of fit refer to? | match between child's temperament and environment/parenting style |
| Know and understand the stage of Erik Erikson’s social development that corresponds with infancy. | trust vs mistrust: infants learn if the world is safe and caregivers are reliable |
| What are the four types of attachments described by Mary Ainsworth? How did she study attachment to children? | secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, insecure disorganized, she studied these by using the strange situation (observing reaction to caregiver leaving and returning.) |