The Body-Cells & Molecules
Created by Hi ?
Type of nucleic acid and functions
DNA:organised into chromosomes which must replicate and divide during cell division.Its the genetic code contains both coding and non-coding regions
RNA: Transfer,Messenger,Ribosomal responsible to make amino acid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Type of nucleic acid and functions | DNA:organised into chromosomes which must replicate and divide during cell division.Its the genetic code contains both coding and non-coding regions
RNA: Transfer,Messenger,Ribosomal responsible to make amino acid |
Main process in protein synthesis | Transcription and translation |
Describe the primary structure of protein | A polypeptide chain made up of amino acids joining via peptide bond through condensation reaction. Determines the function and structure of protein |
Describe the secondary structure of protein | Folding of the polypeptide chain forming either alpha helix or beta pleated sheets. This is due to hydrogen bonds between C-O |
Describe the tertiary structure of protein | Three-dimensional folding pattern of the polypeptide chain via ionic bond, hydrogen bonds and disulphide bridges |
Describe the quaternary structure | More than one polypeptide chain join together via hydrogen bonds forming a more complex structure |
What type of complexes can protein form | Structural (eg.muscle), Enzymes, Cell signalling (eg. receptors, ion channels, hormones, antibodies) |
What is an enzyme and its function | Its a biological catalyst where substrates binds to be converted into its product. Key for: metabolism, detoxification, energy |
What is ATP ( structure + function) | Adenine base with 3 phosphates. Facilitates many cellular processes by providing energy. Key for energy-hydrolysis, ATPase |
Type of lipids | Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids and waxes |
Where does lipids come from | Dietary, many from excess carbohydrates |
What are the functions of lipids | Cell membrane, Energy storage, Signalling properties |
What are the type of Carbohydrate and function | Glucose to glycogen or fat. Main energy source |
What is cell membrane (structure + functions) | Made of phospholipids. Control what ion/molecule is able to get in and out (semi permeable). Contains transporters, receptors and channels responsible for detecting changes in environment/signals |
What is contained in the nucleus and its functions | Contains DNA ( transcribed to RNA for protein synthesis). Respond to signals to make more/less of certain proteins. Its divided during semi-conservative replication |
Where is endoplasmic reticulum is located and type | Rough and smooth, ribosomes, Sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscles) stores calcium |
Function of golgi apparatus | Receives proteins from ER where it modifies protein where its then packaged into vesicles to transport around the cell |
Type of Vesicles | Exocytotic (immediate release) , Secretory (stored until signalled to release) ,Lysosomal (lysosomes) |
What does lysosomes contain and function | Contain degradative enzymes. Responsible for the breakdown of polymers eg. DNA/RNA, polysaccharides |
What does peroxisomes contain and function | Contain oxidases. Breakdown fatty acids and toxic compounds |
Where is cytoskeleton located and its function | Attached to plasma membrane. Provides a framework for cellular organisation. Dynamic |
Function of mitochondria, why is it unique | Generated ATP from oxidation of glucose and fatty acids. Contains mitochondrial DNA |
Function of stem cell | Self renewal. It undergoes differentiation, tissue specific |
What stem cell can form all cell types, including extra-embryonic tissue. Example | Totipotent, zygote |
Which stem cell can form all body cell types but not the placenta. Example | Pluripotent cell, embryonic stem cell |
Which stem cell can form several related cell types within one tissue family. Example | Multipotent cell, Hematopoietic stem cell (RBS,WBC,Platelets) |
Which stem cell is more specialized than a multipotent stem cell and give rise to a limited number of cell types | Progenitor cell- limited differentiation potential, shorter self-renewal capacity |
What is precursor cell | A nearly differentiated cell committed to becoming a specific mature cell type |
What is a somatic cell | A fully differentiated mature body cell |
Order from most potent to least potent | Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, Progenitor, Precursor, Somatic |
Importance of diversity of cell types | Specific cells and tissue have molecular signatures (ie. receptors, ion channels). This is great for drug discovery as its specific |