A scientific theory is:

A concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in area of study.

Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of:

An experiment

Aerobic respiration produces _____ ATP per molecule of glucose, whereas anaerobic respiration produces _____ per molecule of glucose.

About 30……….2

The number of protons in a given atom is equal to its:

Atomic number.

Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 are examples of:

Isotopes

Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. The opposite charges allow water molecules to attract each other through:

Hydrogen bonds

Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8. How many neutrons are present?

8

In the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and chlorine are held together by:

Iconic bonds

In a chemical analysis of an animal tissue sample, which element would be in the least quantity?

Iodine

The amino acid glycine is a(an):

Organic molecule

Proteins are created with:

Peptide bonds

Which of the following reactions is a hydrolysis reaction ?

A+H2O—>B+C

What type of monomer does ATP represent?

Nucleotide

Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and consists of a chain of 146 amino acids. How many different types of amino acids are used to construct proteins?

20

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is referred to as:

pH

A chemist adds a chemical to pure water and there is a 100-fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. What is the best approximation of the new pH value?

5

Relatively small organic molecules with central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a carbon containing group, and a hydrogen atom are called

Amino acids

The biological macromolecule that is lest soluble in water is a(n)

Lipid

The simplest and the most common monosaccharide is a six-carbon sugar called

Glucose

A nucleic acid contains thymine, allowing you to conclude that:

This nucleic acid is DNA

A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into membrane-bond structure called

Nucleus

Microfilaments such as actin, micro tubules, and intermediate filaments form the call-supporting structure called

Cytoskeleton

The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is:

Endosymbiosis

Small cell function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio:

Decreases

Plant cells often have a large membrane-bond sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a :

Central vacuole

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain :

DNA

Plants, fungi and bacterial all have:

Cells walls

The cells lining the stomach have junctions that specifically prevent substances from leaking out. These junctions are most likely to be

Tight

The cell membrane of winter wheat remains fluid, even in extreme cold. This is likely due to:

Increase of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

The presence of absence of _____ of determines if osmosis can occur or not

Aquaporins

This distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called

Chlorophyll

For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must

Move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached

In the energy pathways, what is the function of NADH, NADPH and FADH2?

Electron Carriers

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of phospholipids embedded with

Proteins

On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often these molecules are

Carbohydrates chains

This type of cell transport is a specific and requires carrier molecules and energy

Active transport

The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of of amino acids that are

Highly polar

Energy is defined as

The capacity to do work

The energy needed to destabilize exsisting chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is called

Activation energy

The ultimate source of energy for all life comes from what sources

The sun

All of the reactions of cellular respiration that occur after glycolysis take place in what part of the eukaryotic cell?

The mitochondria

When oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energy generation?

Glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration?

It is reduced to form water as part of the Electron Transport chain

Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from?

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide and water can combine to form glucose and oxygen. What is required for that process to occur?

Light energy from the sun

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside the _____

Chloroplasts

Plants that show a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is the reverse of C3 plants are called

CAM

Light consists of units of energy called

Photons

Chlorophyll b absorbs green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this respect, chlorophyll b acts as

An accessory pigment

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are those that

Convert CO2 into reduced molecules (sugars)

Light -dependent reactions generate

ATP and NADPH

Light dependent reactions occur ____ while light independent reactions occur ___

Thylakoid membrane … stroma

In sickle cell anemia, which level of protein structure is disrupted on hemoglobin?

Tertiary structure

This biological macromolecule is found in all food you consume

Nucleic acids

A biological example of dehydration synthesis could be

Linkage of two amino acids with a peptide bond, forming water in the process

You have recently started working out and building muscle mass. This is an example of

Anabolism

What us the effect if enzymes on the activation energy of a given chemical reaction?

Enzymes decrease activation energy

Enzyme activity can be affected by which of the following ?

Temperature, ph, denaturation