State Constitutions are __ entities and have their own constitution.

constitutionally-legitimate

Alabama’s constitution (1901) is over __ words. Vermont’s constitution (shortest), is over 8,300 words–

300,000.

U.S. The Constitution has been amended __ times since 1791, state constitutions are amended more frequently (__times on average).

17, 115

Most states have had several constitutions since 1776. EXCEPT for__ (1780), which is the longest-enduring constitution.

Massachusetts

the current Georgia constitution (1983), is the ‘‘newest’’ constitution, and is the __ in the state’s history.

10th constitution

The original U.S. The Constitution has endured since ratified in __.

1789

In every state, the chief executive is the __

governor.

Powers of governors: appoint__, oversee state agencies, veto legislation, call the state legislature into session, dispatch National Guard and craft the budget, etc.

Executive Branch

Governors serve four-year terms, (New Hampshire and Vermont serve two). Governors in 38 states are limited to __ of office (including GA), Virginia is limited to one term of office.

two terms

Nebraska’s unicameral legislature has __ members. The smallest is Alaska’s with __.

49, 60

State legislators in Georgia are not term limited and paid $17,342 for the __ session.

40 day

Dillon’s Rule (1868): local governments are creations of the state, subject to the authority of __, not the federal government whose power is not constitutionally-based.

individual states

The Georgia legislature has __ members with 180 in the lower house and 56 in the Senate

236

The largest state legislature is found in a New Hampshire—which has a __-seat body with 400 members serving in the lower house and has __representative per 3,000 citizens.

424, one

Most states utilize four-year terms of office for the lower and upper houses– __states utilize two-year terms.

12

Counties are subdivisions of states delivering state services at the local level (transportation, economic development, law enforcement, water management, planning, recreation, etc.

Counties exist in __states, with county-like entities (boroughs) in Alaska and parishes found in Louisiana. Texas has most counties; 254. There are 3 counties in Hawaii and Delaware.

48

There are __counties in Georgia, the second-most of any state.

159

commissioner-administrator / commission-manager system: elected commission chooses a __ to oversee the day-to-day operations of county.

manager

Commission-executive: a __ official functioning similarly to a county manager.

separately-elected

Sole commissioner model: found only in __ counties in Georgia ONLY. __person who functions as both the legislative and executive body for the county.

nine. single .

Consolidated governments deliver services as__government. ex: New York City, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Louisville, Nashville, and Jacksonville. __consolidated governments are found in Georgia—Columbus-Muscogee, Athens-Clarke, and Augusta-Richmond,

one .Three.

Mayor-council form: __functions as the chief executive and the __functions as the legislative body.

mayor , city council

Townships: subdivisions of counties, providing services to unincorporated areas. governed by a __ or Board of Supervisors serving as the legislative body and may utilize a town __or administrator to oversee.

Board of Trustees, manager

A commission system: The commission functions as __the legislative and executive entity.

both

Council-manager or council administrator system: the __ functions as the legislative policymaking body but selects a professional manager / administrator to oversee

elected city council

Councils of Governments are associations of __ made to address concerns that affect several jurisdictions ex: land use, traffic, transportation, water use...

metropolitan communities

Constitutional Convention 1787: meeting intended to revise the __ but drafted the United States Constitution. took place in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17

Articles of Confederation

Modern Socialist Nations:

CUBA VIETNAM LAOS

Modern Capitalist Nations USA HONG KONG SINGAPORE

Max Weber's theories provide framework for understanding government, emphasizing the importance of __, and the state's role in maintaining order a within society.

legitimacy, authority

United States v. Nixon: context: Watergate scandal, where the President Nixon refused to release tapes The Court ruled that the President cannot claim absolute immunity from subpoenas or other civil court actions. The Court emphasized that no one is above the law and set a precedent for future cases involving __

executive privilege.

Richard Neustadt: wrote "Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership in which he examined the decision-making process at the highest levels of government". He argued that the __ is rather weak in the US government; to effect without the approval of the Congress; and in practice must rely on a combination of personal persuasion, professional reputation and public prestige.

President

A unitary system is a form of government in which all governing power is concentrated in a __ with local governments exercising only powers delegated by that central government.

central authority

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established under the Civil Rights Act of__ to administer and enforce federal laws against workplace discrimination.

1964

Presidential succession: VP __ of the House President pro tempore of the__ __ members (Secretary of the Treasury, then Secretary of Defense, then Attorney General etc....).

Speaker, Senate, cabinet

Cabinet Secretaries: heads of the __ departments in the U.S. federal government. They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They Lead federal department, Advise President, Help carry out federal laws etc..

executive

Cabinet Departments: Secretary of __– Foreign affairs Secretary of the __– Money Secretary of Defense - __ __General – Head of Justice Department

State Treasury Military Attorney

The Council-Manager system: local government where an elected city __ is responsible for legislative functions, while a professional __ oversees the administrative operations.

council, city manager

A confederal system: government where __ states join for limited purposes, the central government has very __ power.

independent, weak

Congressional oversight: power of Congress to supervise the __ and make sure laws are carried out.

Executive Branch

An Executive Order: issued by the President that manages operations of the __ government.

federal

Executive privilege is the President’s power to keep certain communications and information __ from Congress, the courts, or the public. based on separation of powers.

private

An executive agreement is an international agreement made by the President without __ approval.

Senate

The Electoral College: system used to formally elect the President / Vice President. There are __ total electoral votes. A candidate must receive at least 270 electoral votes to win.

538 and 270

The Executive Office of the President: agencies and advisors that help the President __ of the office.

carry out the responsibilities

Government Corporations: businesses created / owned by the federal government to provide a __. part of the Executive Branch and created by Congress.

public service

The Interstate Commerce Act: federal law passed in __ to regulate railroad industry and ensure fair rates for shipping goods between states.

1887

Judicial appointments: the process by which federal judges are selected. The President nominates judges, and the ___ confirms them by majority vote. District Court Judges – Trial courts Court of Appeals Judges – lower court decisions Supreme Court Justices – Highest court

Senate

Judicial review: power of the courts to decide whether laws or government actions are__.

constitutional

The State of the Union Address: speech the President gives to __ about the condition of the country and the President’s plans.

Congress

White House staff are the President’s __ and support personnel.

advisors

The relationship between state and local government: based on decentralization (state is primary authority, local governments operate under state law.) 1️⃣ State Governments Have Authority Local governments can only exercise powers granted by the state “Dillon’s Rule”). 2️⃣ Local Governments Carry Out State Policies ex; Manage schools, Maintain roads and utilities, zoning, etc... 3️⃣ Cooperation and Oversight States can fund, supervise, and regulate local programs Both levels may coordinate on public health, transportation, or disaster response. Local governments are created by states to manage local issues, but states retain ultimate authority. Some cities and counties have more freedom if the state allows it through “home rule.”