Decasper & Spence

-sucking paradigm if kids suck on a pacifier at a certain rate, they can hear certain voices - showed preference to mom's voice. language, and books she read to them - this preference was shown as soon as 24 hours after birth, showing that infants learn in the womb

DeSnoo and too much amniotic fluid

showed that babies prefer sweet, even before birth

Mennella et al (2001)

- mom consumed carrot juice, and 5.5 month after birth, babies were given water vs. carrot juice, and the babies whose mother consumed carrot juice preferred carrot juice mixed with thier food

infants prefer ______taste

their own mother's amniotic fluid

Pre-natal university

Designed by obstetrician, and was said to give babies a heard start in learning before birth. This program gave babies the outcomes of saying their first word sooner, saying more younger, and achieving object permanence sooner - the issue with this was that there was no control group or random assignment, making it an unverifiable experiment

Belsky's Study

- longitudinally studied married couples having their first child - studied marital satisfaction during their last trimester, and then 3-6 months postpartum - there was a big drop in marital satisfaction from the last trimester - 3 months, and mom had a bigger drop - potential causes being due to instrumentality (life becoming more task-focused), possibly dad doesn't mind; other potential cause: post-partum hormones - 3 months post-partum marital satisfaction starts to improve, possibly because baby is sleeping more at night - 9 months post-partum, marital satisfaction is still lower than at the end of pregnancy (at the end of pregnancy, satisfaction may be overall higher because of the anticipation of having a baby)

Clement's study

- longitudinal study taken place from couple's engagement- 8 years into marriage - studied as a non-equivalent control group to Belsky's study - had similar results to Belsky's study for the same time period. From engagement to 8 years post marriage, the level of satisfaction was lower than it was at time of engagement - this study helped to conclude that having children is an acute (temporary) stressor

epigenesis

the emergence of new structures & functions in the course of development; Aristotle

Cephalocaudal development

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than the areas far from the head

In the womb, babies develop

movement abilities, touch, sight, taste, smell, and hearing

movement abilities developed in the womb

"breathing"-like motions which will help them breathe after birth

touch abilities developed in the womb

infants can even suck their thumbs in the womb - this thumb preference can even predict their dominant hand

sight abilities developed in the womb

fetuses have visual preferences, including face-like patterns

smell abilities developed in the womb

fetuses can smell and have a preference to their own mothers' amniotic fluid

hearing abilities developed in the womb

the womb can be a noisy place, and infants heart rate changes when mom is speaking; they can even hear the difference between voices and music they can grow bored of repeated sounds (habituation), and those sounds can become interesting again when there is a perceivable change the sounds

Kisilevksy (2003)

- to one group, a sound of mom reading a poem was played near mom's abdomen, and to the other group, the same poem, just a different women reading the poem. those who heard mom's voice showed a heart rate increase

Post-birth sound prefrences

Even after birth, infants show a preference to mom's voice, and even the languages they heard in the womb over another language

Types of sleep

REM NREM 1, 2, 3

being an owl/lark is

biologically driven

sleep in infancy & toodlerhood

newborns sleep 16-18 hours a day in 6–7-hour blocks of sleep this schedule shifts around 10 mins/day infants spend more time in REM sleep than we do, as this allows for development in neuropathways for vision

1 yr olds sleep

14-15 hours a day mostly at night with 2 naps/day

18 month olds sleep

1 nap/day

2-5 yr olds

the daily nap fades away

Helping babies sleep

- sleep hygiene matters - sleeping in a dark, cool, quiet, and relaxing before bed - night lights and transitional objects are alright - sleeping in parents' room isn't beneficial long-term

Childhood sleeping (ages 2-12)

- 10 hrs of sleep Moore et al (2007) - nightmares - night terrors - sleep deprivation can look like ADHD symptoms

Moore et al (2007)

bedtime pass that allowed children to make one request after bedtime; this was found to improve bedtime control because it gave children a sense of control, and parents didn't worry as much

Adolesence sleep

teens need 9hours of sleep teens tend to be more of owls Jackson Hole, WY changed to 8:55 classes, and results were better attendance, test scores, less behavior issues, drug use, depression, and 70% drop in student-involved car accidents

Teratogens

environmental agents that harm the fetus, and these can cause the most damage when organs are still developing

dose-response relation

the greater the fetus' exposure to a teratogen, the more likely damage, and the more severe damage will be

negative affects of teratogens may not _____

be immediately shown, as some things can become issues later in life ex: under-nutrition during pregnancy can set a lower metabolism in an infant, and can cause obesity later in life

Drugs

illegal and some prescription drugs can have harmful outcomes to pregnancy

NAS

neonatal abstinence syndrome; drug withdrawal for babies who were exposed to opioids in the womb can cause low birth weight, breathing problems, feeding problems, and seizures

prenatal exposure to marijuana

can cause attention issues, impulsivity, learning disorders, and memory issues in older children

prenatal exposure to smoking

both mom and baby get less oxygen, slowed fetal growth, and low birth weight linked to SIDS linked to lower IQ, hearing deficits, ADHD, and cancer

SDIS

Sudden infant death syndrome: sudden, unexpected death of an infant younger than 1 year causes are not well understood, but could be influenced by gene mutations, biological issues, and environmental factors

Alcohol

the leading cause of fetal brain injury

FASD

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, referring to alcohol-related birth defects

FAS

fetal alcohol syndrome; facial defects, intellectual disability, attention problems, and hyperactivity

prenatal effects of environmental pollutants

things like pollutants and chemicals in water can cause negative affects