monolingualism

speaks one language

bilingualism

>speaks two languages, often due to multilingual household

code switching

alternating between 2+ languages while communicating

multiple language organisation

>all languages active in reading, listening, and planning speech >L1 influences L2 during acquisition, and L2 later influences L1 >neural systems are largely the same

executive control

>enhanced inhibition, monitoring, switching, and working memory in bilinguals >greater benefits at older age

issues with bilingualism

>smaller vocabulary >slower in picture naming >poorer word identification skills through noise >suggests relative deficit in lexical access

pathological switching from brain damage

>inability to correctly select the intended language >damaged left dlPC >affects whole utterances

pathological mixing from brain damage

>mixing of different language within an utterance >damaged left temporo-parietal lobe >affects between words in utterances

pandemonium model for single word recognition

>Selfridge >early model of pattern recognition

interaction activation model for single word recognition

>McClelland and Rumelhart >recognition units at 3 levels >inhibitory and excitatory connections >excitatory signas passed between levels >inhibitory signal passed between levels and between units simultaneously

visual word recognition in bilinguals

>language non-selective >non-selectivity holds all representation that characterise words (orthography, phonology, semantics)

BIA

>Dijkstra and Van Heuven >standard interaction activation model at the core >language specific nodes that inhibit the word nodes in other languages

weaknesses of BIA

>no phonological or semantic representations >interlingual homographs and cognates underspecified >task and context effects absent

BIA+

>adds phonological and semantic nodes >task schema doesn't influence system >accounts for some semantic context effects

speech production

>semantic conceptual activation -> lexical selection -> phoneme activation -> onwards >one concept has multiple lexical candidates