demography

study of population statistics

disadvantage of rapidly growing population

it threatens the sustainability of resources

when did population growth rate spike

it spiked between 1962- 65

population distribution

how population is spread apart in the world

most populated countries

china, india, usa, indonesia

population density

the no. of people per sq. km. avg density in underdeveloped countries is more than 697, while avg in developed countries is 238

reasons for high population density

fertile land, long history of technological development, perennial water supply, ideal climatic conditions, and thriving economic activity.

highest population density in the world

riverine plains of asia, such as the ganga plain.

agglomeration

large group of things put together

maximum density in north and south america area

towards the temperate, fertile regions of US, mexico, and brazil

highest population density in africa

the Nile valley, mediterranean coast, guinea coast and south Africa.

why do areas have moderate density of population

extreme climate, inadequate resources and lack important resources.

areas of sparse density

arid regions comprising of hot and cold deserts, mountainous regions, and thick forests. Mongolia has the least.

outbacks

remote, inaccessible interiors in australia.

overpoulation

a very large no of people live in a region, exceeding its resources.

impacts of overpopulation

high rate of joblessness, poor living conditions, rise in diseases, poverty, high cost of living.

optimum poulation

no of resources are adequate for a fixed amt of people, and an increase in population will lead to depletion of resources

overuse of resources lead to

Water scarcity, starvation, famine, poverty.

underpopulation

no of people is so less that the resources are not properly used. ex: prairies of north america

how does overpopulation happen

it occurs due to high death rate, low birth rate, or high rate of emigration.

disadvantages of underpopulation

insufficient skilled labour force. because of this, there is less usage of resources and poor economic growth.

advantages of underpopulation

better job opportunities due to reduced competition, less pollution, availability of resources.

census

official enumeration of people every ten years since 1881.

world population prospects

revision of previous projections published by the UN every two years

crude birth rate

no of live births per 1000 people in a given area. it is higher in underdeveloped countries due to need of more helping hands, and it is less in developed countries.

low birth rate

10- 20

high birth rate

40- 50

countries with lowest birth rates

Monaco, sainte pierre and Miquelon, andorra, japan.

countries with highest birth rates

nigeria, angola, mali, uganda, zimbabwe

death rate

no of deaths per 1000 people in a given area

population growth rate

compares annual percentage change in population, resulting from either high or low birth or death rate or many migrants.

migration

the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling there permanently. leads to increase or decrease in population, brain drain, cultural enrichment, and growth of new cities and towns.

emigrants

people who leave a country

immigrants

people who come to live in another country

sex ratio

number of females per 1000 males. discrepancies in it are caused because of female foeticide and discrimination again women in healthcare facilities, leading to high mortality rate.

highest sex ratio in india

kerala and pondicherry

lowest sex ratio in india

daman and diu

global female percentage

49.6%

age composition categories

children - less than 15 yrs [ dependent] working age- 15-59 yrs [ productive] old age- more than 59 years [ dependent]

urban population density

increasing very rapidly, may lead to housing problems, transport, employment, energy consumption.