James Marshall theorized the existence of --------------, believing it was possible to harness and use them to send signals.

Electromagnetic Waves

This tool, invented in the 1840s, was the precursor to radio technology that sent electrical impulses from a transmitter through a cable to a reception point.

Telegraph

After the development of the telegraph, but before the development of radio, what form of communication served as the primary means of sending coded messages?

Wireless Telegraphy

NPR and PBS are examples of:

Noncommercial Networks

Originally an agricultural term that referred to the process of scattering seeds over a large area, ------------- refers to the transmission of radio waves to a large public audience.

Broadcasting

The primary purpose of forming a network is to:

Save costs

The Radio Act of 1912 affirmed the right for American citizens to own radio waves.

False

As radio networks were continuing to be organized, Congress desired for radio to be used as a tool for:

Education

In response to amateur radio operators crowding the airwaves, Congress constituted radio waves as a:

Natural Resource

Congress ruled that licenses to radio channels would only be granted if they served certain purposes/functions. What is not included in Congress's criteria?

Private Interest

What is meant by the concept of "imagined communities?"

Comradeship, prioritizes common good over gender/race/class divisions, national story, imagined nationality over political states + borders

Deemed airwaves as a "natural resource," collective property and unable to be owned by individuals, requiring licenses to be used

Radio Act of 1912

Radio channels could only be licensed if they served the public interest, convenience, or necessity

Radio Act of 1927

The conventional assumption of reporters operating as detached observers of social experiences upholds the journalistic value of:

Neutrality

In looking at today's media marketplace, the rise of the internet and social media presents a more ----------- world.

Fragmented

Making ethical decisions on a case-by-case basis exemplifies ----------- ethics.

Situational

-------------- ethics suggests that a moral society has laws and codes that everyone must live by.

Absolutist

While certain public perceptions suggest the press is politically biased and "out to get" people, many argue that the true bias of all news media is toward conflict or drama.

True

Today's media marketplace has shifted more towards serving:

Niche Audiences

What action in reporting is NOT considered a practice of "neutral" journalism?

Passing judgement on facts

-------------- is exhibited by reporting on and portraying world events from a particular cultural lens.

Ethnocentrism

With the decline in more neutral journalistic models, a particularly ---------------- fervor drives much of the production and consumption of news today.

Partisan

Ideally, reporters attempt to serve as neutral "channels" of information by providing data, details, and description. It is seen as the ----------------- responsibility to judge and take a stand on the issues represented by the news.

Citizen's

How has contemporary journalism returned to its "colonial roots?"

It's returned to more partisan content

No judgement, detached 3rd person POV is helpful, credibility

Arguments for neutrality

Telling stories is how reporters make events understandable, neutrality is a marketing device, "offend few to reach more," softening partisanship = boost sales

Arguments against neutrality

What organizations relay news stories and information around the country and world, originally through telegraph lines, now using digital transmissions?

Wire Services

Explaining key issues or events and placing them in a broader historical or social context is the aim of ------------------ journalism.

Interpretive

When John Peter Zenger protected authors at his newspaper who had written articles critical of British rule, what crime was he accused of?

Libel

Developed by Julius Caesar in 59 B.C., the earliest known news record, the Acta Diurna, was posted in public spaces throughout the city with its name being Latin for --------------.

"Daily Events"

Political papers advocated for the plan or policies of a particular political group are known as the ---------------.

Partisan Press

-------------------- journalism involves coverage of "front-page" news or deviations from social norms and occupies a more adversarial relationship with institutions and public officials.

Conflict-oriented

Amplifications of profitable newspapers that pushed exciting human-interest stories, crime news, large headlines, and more readable copy (Drama, scandal, intrigue)

Yellow Journalism

Originally intended for business leaders, this form of journalism reported on economic issues and was the precursor to the business sections found in today's newspapers.

Commercial Press

Contacting with newspapers to provide work from a political writer, columnist, illustrator, or artist is an example of -------------.

Feature Syndicate

According to Walter Lippmann, the responsibilities of the press includes:

Making a current record, making a running analysis, and suggesting plans

What are many news organizations and journalists doing in response to today's media landscape?

Moving to digital spaces, going solo/vertical, forming entrepreneurial organizations

What kinds of practices or approaches to reporting are expected when describing "objectivity" in journalism?

Separation of fact and opinion, avoiding reporter biases, maintain a neutral attitude, "Doesn't soil the breakfast cloth"

Ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians and Egyptians, experimented with -------------- that led to the development of the first ------------.

Pictorial symbols and letters; alphabets

As opposed to scrolls, the configuration of a ----------- allowed for longer, more complex writings and record keeping.

Codex

During the Medieval Era, who was primarily responsible for writing manuscripts and advancing the art of book making?

Priests and Monks

What was the basic technique used to produce the first newspapers?

Block Printing

The manuscripts produced in the Middle Ages were primarily -------- and -----------.

Philosophical Tracts and Religious Texts

Manuscript culture and the influence of Scholasticism led to the Middle Ages being a period particularly marked by ----------.

Systemization

The printing press was a mechanical device that made ------------- possible in the creation and distribution of books and maps.

Mass Production

Manuscripts were made/written by hand.

True

The individuals who made manuscripts were known as ------------.

Scribes

The initial organization of ---------- was a result of manuscript culture and the Middle Ages.

The University System

How did the invention of the printing press democratize information (i.e., make it more accessible)?

Easier and faster to mass produce; cheaper prices; accessibility and distribution

Community elders or tribal storytellers used pictorial symbols and letters to preserve what?

Origin stories, wisdom, memories, and beliefs

----------------- is the creation and use of symbol systems that convey information and meaning.

Communication

The features or capabilities of a technology that help establish how we use it are referred to as ------------.

Affordances

--------------- is the ability for someone to become a critical consumer of media products and a reflective user of media technologies by understanding how they construct meaning.

Media Literacy

The forms and systems of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life, communicate with others, and articulate identities and values is known as ------------.

Culture

-------------------- is when people seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests.

Selective Exposure

The process of designing cultural messages or stories and delivering them to increasingly large and diverse audiences is referred to as ---------------.

Mass Communication

As media consumers, what do we exchange in return for the media products we consume?

Money, data, and attention

Organizations that develop and manufacture media technologies; or create and spread information through media are known as --------------.

Media Manufacturers

--------------- refers to the cultural industries or channels that produce and distribute cultural products.

Mass Media

The act of describing, analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and engaging media products makes up the ---------------.

Critical Process

Why/How is the production of culture a complex process?

Separate perspectives and priorities; clashing differences; forming relationships

What does maintaining a historical perspective reveal about the current media environment we live in?

It's built on years of technological and cultural advances and changes