Bone is made from two structurally different types that are made from the same material. The two bone types are called

compact bone and spongy bone.

Bone is

connective tissue - there are four types of tissue - connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue - connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together

Blood is considered

blood is considered a connective tissue because of it's matrix, which is named plasma. Which is the liquid portion of whole blood. The cellular components are called red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) or platelets

Long bones have a shaft called the

diaphysis

and the ends of the bones are called

epiphysis

The bone function can be organised into three categories, name three functions in each of the following categories:

Mechanica Support (framework). Protection. Anchorage (movement)

Synthetic (think about storage)

Mineral storage Growth factor storage Triglyceride storage (in bone cavities)

Metabolic

Hormone production (osteocalcin) Blood corpuscle formation (haematopoiesis). Leucocyte production

What are the three major bone cell types?

osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes

What is the main function of each of these three bone cells?

Osteoclasts large phagocytic cells bone resorption (breaking down bone). They remove old or damaged bone tissue demineralising the bone matrix Osteoblast Bone deposit responsible for formation of new bone secreting bone matrix calcification of the matrix. Osteocytes Controlling the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts Osteoblasts become osteocytes when trapped in the bone matrix they have a role in regulation of the bone matrix.

Name three calcium-regulating hormones that play an important role in producing healthy bone and describe what they do:

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Maintains normal blood calcium levels. Stimulates bone resorption (breakdown of bone) to release calcium into the blood. Also stimulates bone formation as part of the continuous bone remodelling process. Calcitriol (Active Vitamin D) Hormone derived from vitamin D. Increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestines. Acts directly on bone to support bone growth, remodelling, and maintaining normal blood calcium levels. Calcitonin Hormone released when blood calcium levels are high. Inhibits bone breakdown (bone resorption) by reducing osteoclast activity. Helps lower blood calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bones. Protects against excessively high levels of calcium in the blood.

Describe three main types of cartilage and where they are found:

Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of bones – lining the joints of the body – as well as the septum of the nose and part of the breathing tube. Elastic Cartilage - Elastic cartilage is present in the ear, nose and parts of the lungs. It is a highly flexible formulation of cartilage. Fibrocartilage - Fibrocartilage is found in the menisci of the knee and the discs of the spine. It is far less flexible than elastic cartilage.

Lubricin

is a glycoprotein abundant in cartilage, and synovial fluid plays a significant role in bio-lubrication and wear protection of cartilage.

What are the five classifications of bone shape, and provide an example of each one

Long Bones: Femur, tibia, radius, metacarpals • • Short Bones: Talus, scaphoid • • Irregular Bones Vertebrae & pelvis • • Flat Bones Skull, scapula, sternum, ribs • • Sesamoid Bones Patella, hallucal sesamoids, lesser metatarsal sesamoid