What kinds of knowledge does the field of organizational behavior aim to generate?
What people think, feel, and do in and around organization (individual, team, and organizational levels)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What kinds of knowledge does the field of organizational behavior aim to generate? | What people think, feel, and do in and around organization (individual, team, and organizational levels) |
| What does it mean to think in a scientific way? | Be critical- be doubtful and look for the truth Evaluate the quality of evidence to draw a scientific conclusion |
| What is the MARS Model? | fundamental way to conceptualize individual behavior within an organizational context |
| What are the major components in the MARS model that directly affect behavior and performance? | A. Motivation B. Ability C. Role Perceptions D. Situational Factors (Individual Behavior and Results [BAR]) |
| What is the role of Situation in determining behavior? | External conditions that constrain or facilitate behavior (time, budget, culture) |
| What is the Big 5 Personality Model? | A. Simplify a personality by grouping characteristics into traits B. Easier to compare individuals C. Organizations may use this personality test |
| What are the 5 personality traits? | 1. Conscientiousness 2. Openness to Experience 3. Neuroticism 4. Agreeableness 5. Extraversion |
| How do the Big 5 personalities affect performance across occupations? | A. Proficient performance (organization, specific skills focused)=conscientiousness B. Proactive/adaptive performance (adjusting work, adapting)=openness and extraversion |
| How do men and women differ in the 5 traits? | A. Women generally score higher on extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism B. Gender role theory |
| Gender Role Theory | A. Women are communal (caregivers) B. Men are agentic (breadwinners) C. Evolutionary perspective;hunter-gatherer society |
| How do nature and nurture affect our personality? | 50%;50% |
| What is a value and how does it differ from a personality? | A. Personality is descriptive (NOT right or wrong) B. Values are evaluative (judgement of good vs bad) |
| What are cultural values? | Beliefs shared among members within a culture (formed and passed along generations) |
| What are the most commonly studied cultural values and how do they affect individual behavior? | . Power Distance 2. Collectivism v Individualism 3. Uncertainty Avoidance Index 4. Femininity v Masculinity 5. Short-term v Long-term Orientation 6. Restraint v Indulgence |
| power distance | A. High (China and Malaysia): value obedience to authority, formal authority B. Low (USA and Israel): expect relatively equal power, relationships with boss are interdependent |
| individualism | A. The degree to which people value personal freedom and independence B. High (USA and Canada) C. Low (China and Ecuador): collectivism |
| Uncertainty Avoidance | A. High (Greece and Belgium): value structured situations and direct communication B. Low (USA and China): tolerate low ambiguity and uncertainty |
| Masculinity | A. Masculine (Japan and USA): traits that categorize as male like strength and dominance B. Feminine (Norway and Denmark): traits that are nurturing like supportive and caring |
| long-term orientation | A. Long-term (Japan and Germany): focus on future, delay short-term gratification B. Short-term (USA and Mexico): focus on living well today, prefer fast achievements |
| indulgence | A. High (Mexico and USA): relatively free gratification of basic human desires like having fun B. Low (China and Middle Eastern Countries): controls gratification of needs and regulates with strict social norms |
| What are the major principles underlying our moral judgement? | A. Utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number/least harm) B. Individual Rights (everyone has the same natural rights) C. Distributive Justice (benefits and burdens should be proportional) D. Ethics of Care (obligated to help others, be empathetic and kind, a fundamental feature of humanity) |
| Why are moral values largely universal across societies? | they help societies survive and work together—promoting fairness, trust, cooperation, and protection of others |
| How can we evaluate the morality of events that occurred in cultural and historical contexts different from ours? | considering the norms and values of that time, avoiding present-day bias, and using empathy and historical understanding to judge actions fairly |
| What are the three characteristics of self-concept that have been studied? | A. Complexity B. Consistency C. Clarity |
| Self Concept: How do they relate to well-being and performance? | A. The number of distinct identities promotes better coping and well-being B. the extent to which each identity is connected C. the self-concept is clear, defined, and stable |
| What are 3 inherent motives associated with self-concept? | A. Self-enhancement B. Self-verification C. Self-evaluation |
| Identify examples for each self-concept motive. | A. wanting to feel attractive and liked B. promoting and protecting a positive self view C. seeking feedback that is consistent with self-concept |
| What are the cons of each self-concept motive? | A. poor self-view or not being transparent B. defensive and slower recognition of mistakes C. dismissing feedback |
| What is self-esteem and how does it affect individual behavior? | Perceived self-worth, affects well being |
| What is self-efficacy and how is it different from general self-efficacy? | believing we can perform a specific task, can do belief vs what we think generally about ourselves |
| What is the locus of control and how does it affect individual outcomes? | general belief about your ability to control a situation (internal: better health and outcomes) |
| What is the difference between internal and external locus of control? | A. Internal: I can control my destiny B: External: I am controlled by the environment (not a lot of control) |
| What is the common perceptual biases including and how do they reflect in our behavioral tendencies? | A. Confirmation Bias- The tendency to focus on information that supports what you already believe B. Stereotypes-Oversimplified and generalized ideas about a group of people C. Self-Serving Bias- Blaming outside factors for failures but taking credit for successes D. Fundamental Attribution Error-Overestimating someone's personality traits and underestimating the situation when explaining their behavior E. False Consensus Effect- Believing that more people share your opinions or behaviors than actually do |
| What are the pros and cons of the perceptual biases? | A. Quick decision-making B. Reduce uncertainty A. Lead to inaccurate judgments B. Reinforce false beliefs C. Cause unfair treatment D. Block personal growth E. Create conflict/misunderstanding |
| What is attribution theory? | Explains how people interpret the causes of behavior—either from personal traits (internal) or situations (external) |
| What does an internal attribution look like? What does an external attribution look like? | A. Internal: Behavior is attributed to personal factors B. External: Behavior is attributed to situational factors |
| What is the emotion and how it is different from mood? | A. Emotion: conscious mental reaction that is correlated to physiological and behavioral changes B. Mood: a weaker, longer-lasting state not tied to a specific event |
| How do emotions affect our decisions, behavior, and performance? | emotions are a source of energy that affects the list |
| Describe ways in which negative emotions are used to achieve positive outcomes. | A. Anger- fight back B. Fear- motivates change C. Shame- motivation to improve negative sticks longer than positive |
| What does research say about the role of emotions in our moral decision-making? | A. Emotions register in our brain in a more automatic way than cognitions B. Stimulus-> moral reasoning/emotion-> moral emotion/reasoning |
| What are the 7 basic emotions? | A. Anger B. Fear C. Joy D. Sadness E. Disgust F. Surprise G. Shame |
| How do the 7 basic emotions differ from other emotions? | They are innate, universal, and automatic ('hardwired') |
| What are the 7 basic emotions basic functions in human behavior? | Fight: anger Flight: fear Approach: joy Freezing: sadness Disapprove: disgust Alert: surprise Withdraw: shame |
| What is the emotional labor and what jobs are high in emotional labor? | Jobs that require frequent emotional displays (restaurant employees) and a variety of emotional displays (managers) |
| What are surface vs deep acting, and how effective are they in managing emotional labor? | A. Surface- expressing emotions you do not believe B. Deep Acting- internalize the emotional display C. Surface-level display causes exhaustion, and it is not genuine |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | incongruence between beliefs, feelings, and behavior |
| What are strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance? | perceive the emotion as labor and a professional skill |