Class 2 themes
RECAP: 1700–1830
Mass production
Material investigation
Steam and other technologies
Consumerism
Rise of profession design thinking
Historicism
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Class 2 themes | RECAP: 1700–1830 Mass production Material investigation Steam and other technologies Consumerism Rise of profession design thinking Historicism |
| - **Mercantilism** | - An economic theory that says a country’s wealth comes from exporting more than it imports and hoarding gold; government controls trade to benefit the nation. |
| - BERNARD MANDEVILLE 1670-1733 | - He was often vilified for his critiques of the false claims of men about public service and selflessness and argued that self-interest, no matter how despicable, can have positive effects in a society and nation. - In his work *The Fable of the Bees*, he argued that things people see as selfish or immoral — like greed or vanity — can actually **help society grow and prosper** by driving trade, jobs, and innovation. |
| - Richard Arkwright: 1732-1792 | - In 1769, Arkwright invented a water powered spinning machine that could spin 96 threads at a time. The machine’s success depended on thicker, stronger thread. - Richard Arkwright “Water Frame” Preston Lancashire, UK Patented 1769 |
| - Adam Smith 1723-1790 | - Born in Scotland, Smith was a political economist and philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment and was responsible for articulating a view of the advantages of the free market in the generation of wealth at the national level and for individuals - When a baker sells bread to make money, they’re also feeding people — helping others without meaning to. |
| - **First Industrial Revolution** 1760-1830 | - A major period of change when machines, factories, and new technologies transformed work, production, and society. - saw the rise of steam power, rationalization of labor and the production of goods such as cloth, pottery, glassware, metal-wares and furniture. |
| - **The Gentlemen Cabinet** | - Refers to collectors’ cabinets or “cabinets of curiosities” owned by wealthy men, showing off rare objects and reflecting early ideas of museums and knowledge gathering. |
| - **Matthew Boulton** | - An industrialist who partnered with James Watt to produce steam engines, playing a key role in advancing the Industrial Revolution. |
| - **The American System** | - A method of manufacturing that used **interchangeable parts** and **assembly-line production**, making items faster and cheaper to produce. |
| - **Thomas Boulsover** | - Inventor of **Sheffield plate**, a cheaper silver alternative created by fusing silver to copper. |
| - **James Leamen (1706-30** | – A skilled silk designer in 18th-century London known for his elaborate woven patterns used in luxury fashion. |
| - Josiah Wedgwood: 1730-1795 | - A leading industrialist in Stoke on Trent, England who was a pioneer in materials research, the rationalization of labor and the inventor of a wide range of new ceramic products. Wedgewood was an ardent abolitionist - Josiah Wedgwood “Trial Tray” of Queen’sware ceramic samples, Stoke on Trent, UK, circa 1765. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, U (basically the test of different glazes on the percaline/ceramic samples. |
| “Portland Vase” | Roman cameo glass 1CE -25 CE Josiah Wedgwood made his copy of the “Portland Vase” in 1780 |
| - **Marker’s Director** | - A guidebook made by Josiah Wedgwood to show examples of pottery designs, helping standardize quality and inspire new creations. |
| - **The Frog Service** 1773-74 | - A famous Wedgwood pottery set made for Catherine the Great of Russia, showing how art, trade, and industry came together in 18th-century England. |
| - THE CALICO ACTS | - A series of parliamentary acts in the early 18th century aimed at protecting the British textile industry, especially given the dominance of South Asian textile production and the importation by the East India Company of printed cotton cloth. These acts banned the importation of Indian cotton to Great Britain, as well as wool from Europe. |
| CALICO ACT: 1701 | Banned the importation of white cotton goods from India (Bengal) into Britain |
| - CALICO ACT: 1721 | This legislation extended the ban on imported Indian cotton good, including printed ones, save for those products that would be re-exported |
| - **Anna Maria Garthwaite** | - A leading English silk designer whose floral patterns helped make Spitalfields a major silk-weaving center. |
| - **John Bartlam** | - The first person to make porcelain in America, helping establish early American ceramics and independence from British imports. |