What is the ancestor of the dog?

Canis Lupis (Grey wolf)

Scientific name of the dog

Canis lupis familiaris

Dogs are now considered a _____ of the grey wolf

Subspecies

Subspecies V.S. Breed

Subspecies = natural selection Breed = artificial selection by humans

How can subspecies differ from the OG?

Morphologically: form/structure And/or Geographically: Earthquake split pack in half, so both halves adapted to live on their side of the split, eat only those foods, etc.

Domestic dogs and grey wolves differ by ____% mitochondria DNA

0.2% mitochondrial DNA

How many chromosomes does the domestic dog have?

39 chromosomes

Do other animals have the same number of chromosomes as the domestic dog?

Yes, 39 chromosomes. Grey wolf, red wolf, coyote, and jackals.

If species have the same number of chromosomes they can ___?

Interbreed

What do grey wolves and domestic dogs have in common behavior wise?

Both are social (pack) animals Similar posture Similar facial expressions Vocalizations (wolf pup to adult dog)

How long do we know the domestic dog has been domesticated for?

12,000 - 15,000 years ago

How long ago were cats domesticated?

9,000 - 10,000 years ago

How many generations does it take until wolves begin to need us?

10 generations

What is the 10 generation rule?

It takes at 10 generations for wolves to become domesticated, if all 10 generations have - Been bred for SPECIFIC TRAITS - MUST BE CONTROLLING REPRODUCTION

Tamed V.S. domesticated

Taming: a single animal Domesticated: a whole line/breed of animals

What is neotony?

Persistent infantile characteristics

Physical and behavioral examples of neotony:

Physical examples: smaller size, smaller jaw, less teeth, prominent foreheads, curly tails Behavioral examples: dog being highly curious like wolf pups, easily subordinate nature of dogs (wolf pup to pack leaders)

Are dogs or wolves better protectors?

Dogs, because they have been bred to protect us. Wolves will protect themselves.

How do we know for sure that dogs were domesticated at a point in history?

Human graves had dogs in them too Little boy in Israel was buried with his dog Cave drawings of dogs suggest even longer than the 12-15,000 years

How long have humans been living alongside dogs?

100,000 years

What is the grey wolf diet?

Omnivores

Grey wolf has lots of genetic _____ that makes them ideal for breeding

Genetic plasticity

What does genetic plasticity mean?

How many variations of a trait/gene an animal has

Examples of fertility and sexual maturity changes in wolves to dogs

Wolves -> dogs 1 estreus cycle annually -> 2 cycles annually Males fertile seasonally -> fertile all year Reach sexual maturity after physical maturity -> reach both at the same time (humping before fertile)

Why were dogs able to change after domestication?

Elimination of natural pressures Bred to be easily kept as pets Dogs recognize human connection for longer than wolf pups

What is agonistic behavior?

Combative/aggressive behavior

Agonistic behavior in wolves V.S. dogs:

Settling dominance is harder with dogs Dogs fight more because they don't have to use their energy to survive Luckily, most dogs are less dominant by nature and therefore problems are easier to handle

What is selective breeding?

Discriminated breeding based on un/desired structural or behavioral traits - AKA Artificial selection

What is artificial selection?

Selective pressures artificially made by humans to continue certain traits

How long ago did dramatic dog breed changes occur?

200 years ago

What is natural left-face bias?

Humans AND DOGS both usually look left when reading someone’s face

Difference between reasoning for wolf vs dog barking:

Wolves only bark for caution, but dogs have adapted barks to show emotions

When a human listens to a dog breathe and vice versa, ____ is released.

Oxytocin

Health benefits of owning a dog

Oxytocin lowers blood pressure, heartrate, and stress *Owning dog extend life, less likely to have a heart attack, 3-4x more likely to survive heart attack

Some dogs have shown the intelligence of a human __ year old.

Human 2 year old

How many generations of domestication until wolf agression stops?

3 generations

How many generations of domestication until dog affections shows?

8 generations

When selecting for tameness the _____ will also change

Appearance will also change

The AKC is the _____ purebred dog registry

Largest

How many dog breeds are there?

205 dog breeds

How many groups are dog breeds officially divided into?

7 groups: Sporting Hound Working Terrier (exterminators) Toy Non-sporting (catch-all) Herding There are also 13 breeds in the miscellaneous class

Different dog breeds share ____% of genomes.

Share 99.85% of genomes

Can we distinguish different dog breeds through DNA?

No, because very similar genomes.

What are 3 examples of animal modifications?

Tail docking Ear cropping Declawing

What is the current most popular dog breed?

French bulldog

What are the subgroupings of the sporting group?

Forerunners: Pointers and setters that point at game Flushers: Pointers, setters, and spaniels that "flush out" prey towards owner Retreivers: retrieve game

Characteristics of the Brittany:

Natural pointers Great retrievers Smaller sporting dog group Friendly temperaments Love people and dogs "Max quality, min size" Easily trained Talkative Lifespan: 12 years Lighter brown and white coat Common health issues: hip dysplasia, allergies, seizures

Characteristics of the labrador retriever

Retrievers Full black, brown, or tan Medium sized Athletic with water-resistant coat and "otter tails" Life span: 12-15yrs Prime breed for guide and rescue Gentle, eager to please, intelligent, and adaptable Love humans and dogs Common health issues: hip dysplasia, gastric torsion, cataracts

What are the two types of labrador retriever and their differences?

Field labs: longer head, straighter back, bred for function in field (American labrador) Show labs: Shorts, flatter head, sloped back (English lab)

Characteristics of the cocker spaniel

15+ breed coat options Smallest sporting breed Developed for bird hunting Life span: 10-14 yrs Silky double-coat Likely originated in Spain Coat matinence is important for skin health Common health issues: hepatitis, anemia, bone and joint issues, allergies, cherry eye

German Shorthaired Pointer

Brown heads with gray coat with brown spots and dots Great hunters Easy to train, affectionate, enthusiastic High energy and needs to exercise Life: 10-12 years Smooth and shorter coat than other sporting breeds Good with children and dogs Health issues: Bloating, hip and elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, heart disease, cone degeneration (GSP specific)

What disease do Cavalier King Charles Spaniels often get?

Syringomyelia - inherited neurological disorder, brain is too big for cute skull By 6 years old, 70% of CKCS have syringomyelia Heart disease

What disease do dalmatians often get?

High uric acid levels (cause stones in urinary tract) (certain death, very painful, cant pee)

What disease do boxers often get?

Heart disease Juvenile kidney disease

What disease do bulldogs often get?

Can't breathe normally