Graham V State (1999)

Traffic stop must not be prolonged longer than what is needed to complete the traffic stop

Collins v VA (2018)

A warrant is needed to search a vehicle parked within the curtilage of a home

Canton v Harris (1989)

Failure to properly train affects the rights of people

Duran v City of Douglas, AZ (1990)

Boisterous conduct alone was insufficient to detain the plaintiff

Graham v Conner (1989)

Claims of excessive force is properly analyzed under the 4th Amendment "objective reasonableness standard"

Aguilar v TX (1964)

If you get a search warrant based on a tip, you have to explain why the tip is believed to be credible

Payton v New York (1980)

Officers can enter a residence based on exigent circumstances

Gault v US (1967)

14th Amendment applies to juvenile defendants, juveniles must be afforded due process

Brown v Texas (1979)

a refusal to identify in a high crime area was not based on a reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing and thus violates the 4th Amendment

Chimel v CA (1969)

arresting someone at home can't give you authority to search an entire home. Only the immediate area.

Maryland v Wilson (1997)

An officer may order the passengers to step out in the interest of officer safety

Byrd v US (2018)

Rental car driver has a reasonable expectation to privacy against searches

NY v Belton (1981)

Police officers can search any part of a car after arresting the driver and/or occupants

US v Chadwick (1977)

Warrantless search of double locked luggage just placed in a trunk of a vehicle is a violation of the 4th Amendment

TN v Garner (1985)

the use of force to prevent escape is an unreasonable seizure

Miranda v AZ (1966)

suspect has right to remain silent and obtain an attorney (5th & 6th Amendment)

Whren v US (1996)

A traffic violation is acceptable as pretest for further investigation

Wogsun v US (1963)

"Fruit of the Poison Tree" extended exclusionary rule (Mapp v Ohion) to indirectly obtained evidence

Weeks v US (1914)

Warrantless seizure of items from a private residence constitutes a violation of the 4th Amendment

Steagold v US (1981)

you can enter a residents home to arrest them if they have a warrant

Kentucky v King (2011)

Officers can't create exigent circumstances of their own to justify entering a home

Carroll v US (1925)

arrests made on probable cause and trustworthy information

Florida v Royer (1983)

Case highlights rights in consensual encounters

Arizona v Grant (2009)

officers can search passenger compartments if its believed more evidence of a crime is in there

Pennsylvania v Mimms (1977)

officers can make drivers step out of vehicle

Brinegar v US (1949)

arrests made on officers established probable cause

Terry v Ohio (1968)

a stop and frisk search is an investigatory stop/detention based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

established exclusionary rule, evidence unlawfully obtained cannot be used in court

US v Mendenhall (1980)

Take persons into custody for purposes of charging them with a crime based on an officers establishment of probable cause. A person has been "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all the surrounding circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed that they were not free to leave

Hill v City of Houston

The ruling emphasized that police officers are expected to exercise a higher degree of restraint and tolerate verbal challenges that do not amount to "fighting words" or core criminal conduct.