Who proposed evolution through natural selection? a) Gregor Mendel and Louis Pasteur b) Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace c) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Aristotle d) Watson and Crick

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

What creates genetic variation in a population? a) Natural selection b) Random mutations c) Environmental change d) Migration

Random mutations

What makes natural selection non-random? a) It only affects small populations b) It favors traits that improve survival or reproduction c) It changes genes directly d) It eliminates all mutations

It favors traits that improve survival or reproduction

Evolution occurs when: a) A species becomes extinct b) Individuals adapt to their environment c) Allele frequencies change in a population d) Mutations stop occurring

Allele frequencies change in a population

A scientific theory is best described as: a) An untested guess b) A hypothesis c) A well-supported explanation based on evidence d) A mathematical equation

A well-supported explanation based on evidence

Which of the following is a transitional fossil example? a) Tiktaalik b) Archaeopteryx c) Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) d) All of the above

All of the above

Humans and apes: a) Are unrelated species b) Evolved directly from each other c) Share a common ancestor d) Have identical DNA

Share a common ancestor

Evolution does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because: a) Mutations produce energy b) Earth is a closed system c) Earth receives energy from the Sun d) Evolution decreases entropy

Earth receives energy from the Sun

Complex traits evolve by: a) Instant creation b) Gradual improvement through intermediate stages c) Random chance alone d) Gene deletion

Gradual improvement through intermediate stages

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to: a) Measure fossil age b) Predict allele frequencies in a population c) Track individual mutations d) Determine the strength of natural selection

Predict allele frequencies in a population

Why is the term “GMO” considered inaccurate? a) Only animals can be genetically modified b) All crops have been genetically altered by humans over time c) It only applies to lab-created species d) The term refers only to transgenic organisms

All crops have been genetically altered by humans over time

Which of the following pairs is correct? a) Transgenic — Bt corn (bacterial gene) b) Cisgenic — Ruby Red grapefruit c) Protoplast fusion — drought-tolerant corn d) Mutagenesis — disease-resistant potato

Transgenic — Bt corn (bacterial gene)

Which technique involves combining cells to create hybrid cell lines? a) Mutagenesis b) Traditional breeding c) Protoplast fusion d) Gene editing

Protoplast fusion

Which is not a type of genetic modification listed? a) Transgenic b) Cisgenic c) Photosynthesis d) Mutagenesis

Photosynthesis

Which organizations have declared GMOs safe for consumption? a) WHO and FDA b) CDC and FBI c) NASA and USDA d) EPA and FBI

WHO and FDA

Public resistance to GMOs often stems from: a) Too much scientific literacy b) Misinformation and distrust of corporations c) Overreliance on lab testing d) Lack of available GMO foods

Misinformation and distrust of corporations

The belief that “natural = good” is an example of: a) Artificial selection b) The naturalistic fallacy c) Scientific reasoning d) Mutation bias

The naturalistic fallacy

Golden Rice was developed to: a) Resist insects b) Grow in salty soils c) Produce vitamin A d) Contain more protein

Produce vitamin A

Malaria-resistant mosquitoes are genetically engineered to: a) Produce more offspring b) Resist pesticides c) Reduce disease transmission d) Increase biodiversity

Reduce disease transmission

Drought-tolerant corn is an example of a GMO that: a) Requires more water b) Helps crops survive in dry climates c) Prevents vitamin deficiency d) Was created by traditional breeding

Helps crops survive in dry climates