Child development

The ways individuals grow and change until adulthood.

Culture

The total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art, and technology.

Global demographic divide

Developed countries = wealthy, low fertility Developing countries = largest populations, lower income/education.

Poverty in developing countries

Many live on less than $2/day; malnutrition and low education are common.

Individualistic cultures

Emphasize independence and self-expression.

Collectivistic cultures

Emphasize obedience and group harmony.

SES (socioeconomic status)

Education level, income level, occupational status.

Freud’s contribution

Focused on early childhood and psychosexual stages.

Binet’s contribution

Created first intelligence test for struggling students, and standardized schooling

Hall's contribution

first to obtain PhD, founded APA, and focused on adolescence (puberty & outside influences)

Anna Freud

Supported storm and stress period for adolescents

Erik Erikson

Proposed lifespan theory of development; adolescence a period for establishing identity

What has started earlier in girls?

Menarche (puberty, maturity)

Emerging adulthood

Stage between adolescence and adulthood common in developed countries.

6 fields of CD

Prenatal Infancy Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescence Emerging adulthood

3 distinct crying

Fussing Anger Pain

Non-descript crying

Fearful, frustration cry

Colic

crying patters of extreme duration

High Crier

5-6 hrs

Avg crier

2-3 hrs

low crier

20-30 mins

Developing country ex:

Africa

Developed country ex:

USA

Three stages of birth

Labor → Delivery → Expulsion of placenta.

Failure to progress

Slow labor; may require walking, bath, or oxytocin.

Breech presentation

Baby positioned feet/buttocks first; dangerous.

Apgar Scale

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration (score 0–10).

Apgar Score: 7–10 =

Good to excellent condition

Apgar Score 4–6=

Requires assistance to breathe

Apgar 3 or below =

Life-threatening danger

Low birth weight

Stay in hospital weigh less than 2,500 grams (5.8 lbs)

Obstetrics

Care of expectant mothers and care of mothers through childbirth

Placenta

Where baby gets nutrients

Very Low birth weight

Weighing less than 1,500 grams are at high risk of death in 1st year

Causes of low birth weight

Developing = malnutrition; Developed = maternal smoking.

Neonatal reflexes

Theres 27 ex: Rooting, sucking, Moro, Babinski, grasping

Sucking

Object/ substance in mouth = Sucking 4 months

Rooting

Touch on cheek or mouth = turns toward touch 4 months

Grasping

Object placed in palm = holds tightly 4 months

Babies sleep based on

food schedule

American children ask___

why? vs other cultures only 4.5% ask

Neonatal sight

Least developed sense; best vision at 8–14 inches.

Breastfeeding benefits

Disease protection and cognitive benefits.

Postpartum depression

Sadness, anxiety; affects 7–13% of mothers in developed countries.

Infant weight gain

Weight triples in the first year.

Puberty hormones

GnRH, estrogen, testosterone.

Primary sex characteristics

Reproductive organs.

Secondary sex characteristics

Hair growth, voice changes, body shape.

Early maturation (girls)

Depression, body image issues, risk behaviors.

Gross motor development

Balance, posture, whole-body movement.

Fine motor development

Pincer grasp (9–12 months) drawing, writing.

Sleep is essential for...

brain development

Malnutrition types

Marasmus = nutrient deficiency; Kwashiorkor = protein deficiency.

Obesity causes

Poor diet, inactivity, fast food, genetics.

Schemes

Cognitive structures for organizing information.

Assimilation

New information fits an existing scheme.

Accommodation

Scheme changes to fit new information.

Object permanence

Understanding objects exist even when unseen.

Deferred imitation

Repeating actions observed earlier.

Preoperational stage

No logical operations; egocentrism; conservation errors.

Concrete operations

Logical thinking; conservation; classification; seriation.

Formal operations

Hypothetical reasoning; abstract thinking.

Theory of mind

Understanding others have different beliefs and perspectives.

Zone of proximal development

Skills a child can do with guidance.

Psychosexual theory stages

 Oral  Anal  Phallic  Latency  Genital

The First Stage of Labor

Averages 12 hours for first birth and 6 hours for later births; contractions dilate the cervix and move the fetus downward; may include bloody discharge, nausea, severe pain, trembling of legs.

The Second Stage of Delivery

Lasts 30 minutes to 1 hour; pushing occurs; crowning happens and an episiotomy may occur.

The Third Stage of Expulsion

Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled as contractions continue.

Early forms of malnutrition result from...

mother being unable to breast feed and no access to formula

Newborns (0-3 months) avg hours of sleep needed

11-17 hours

Infants (4-12 months) avg hours of sleep needed

12-16

Toddlers (1-2 years) avg hours of sleep needed

11-14

Children (3-5 years) avg hours of sleep needed

10-13

Teenagers (13-18 years) avg hours of sleep

8-10

Social Cognition

Understanding social cues and how the world works

Infantile amnesia (loss of memory up to about age 4)

limitations lie in the development of the hippocampus

What age do you become conscious

4

Joint attention (around 6 months)

If ur looking at something, child will also look at it

Attention: Habituation (develops over 1st year)

When a baby gets used to something and stops reacting to it. Example: If you jingle keys over and over, the baby eventually stops paying attention. They’re like: “I’ve seen this already.”

Attention: Dishabituation

When you change the stimulus and the baby notices again. Example: If you switch from jingling keys to a loud clap, the baby suddenly pays attention again. They’re like: “Oh! That’s new.”

Abstract thinking

Thinking about concepts that can't be experienced. Ex: Thinking about flying to mars

Complex thinking

Thinking about multiple dimensions Ex: metaphors & sarcasm (kids cant understand that)

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking

Synaptic exuberance

associated with Abstract, complex, and metacognitive thinking growth occurs in cerebellum

Piaget's theory

research on cognitive development

Formal operations begins around __

11 and ends between 15 and 25

Concrete operations

(7-11) become systematic and logical thinkers

Conservation

Can be the same, in different forms

Classification

Things can be in 2 categories at the same time

Seriation

Putting things in order — usually from smallest to biggest, shortest to longest, or lightest to heaviest.

Preoperational stage

Not able to perform mental operations (logical rules) At this age, children have cognitive deficiencies

Sensimotor stage:

6 substages

Substage 1

Simple reflexes (0-1 month)

Substage 2

First habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

Substage 3

Secondary circular reactions; repetition of movements (4-8 months)

Substage 4

Coordination of secondary circular reactions; intentional behavior (8-12 months)

Substage 5

Tertiary circular reactions, trying out new behaviors (12-18 months)

Substage 6

Mental representation; toddlers think about actions and decide the best one (18-24 months)

Maturation

Biologically driven program of developmental change

Schemes

Cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

Assimilation

New information is altered to fit an existing scheme

Accomodation

Changing the scheme to adapt to new info, (Ex: learning abt a new phone, and learning it does not work in the same way as the old one)

Object Permanence

Developed at 8-12 months (they realize you are still there)

Deferred imitation

Ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time, May occur as early as 6 weeks of age

Categorization

Sorting and organizing into groups and classes, occurs during second year