Bacteria
single celled organism that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | single celled organism that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
| Archaea | single celled organisms that often live in extreme environments |
| Eukaryotic | organisms with complex cells |
| prokaryotic | cells that do not have a nucleus |
| Eukaryotic | cells have a nucleus |
| Archaebacteria | live in harsh environments |
| Eubacteria | inhabit in almost all environments |
| prostista | a group that acts like a bridge between prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| fungi | heterotrophs that don't ingest food, they act like decomposers by absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter |
| Plantae | autotrophic organisms; produce their own food |
| animalia | heterotrophic organisms |
| Taxonomy | science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms |
| Domain | dividing all life into 3 groups; bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| kingdom | groups like, animalia, plantae, fungi |
| prostia | eubacteria and archaebacteria |
| phylum | groups organisms with similar body plan |
| class | specific grouping with a phylum |
| order | group related classes |
| Family | groups similar genera |
| genus | a group of closely related species |
| species | a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| biological system of naming organisms | is split into two terms; first indicates the genus and second indicates the species |
| Natural selection | is the process by which organisms are better adapted to their environment, survive and reproduce more passing on advantageous traits to offspring |
| homologous structures | share common ancestor but have different functions |
| Analogous structures | have similar functions but separate evolutionary origins |
| speciation | is the process by witch a single ancestral species split into two or more distinct, genetically independent species that can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| mutation | by introducing new genetic variations into a population |
| gene flow | by introducing new alleles and genetic variations into a population |
| genetic drift | by introducing new genetic variations into a population; reducing genetic drift between populations and influencing adaption by spreading advantageous or disadvantageous alleles |
| Artificial selection | is guided by human preferences |
| gradualism | change that happens slowly over time |
| reproduction isolation | blocks gene flow between populations; allowing them to diverge genetically and become distinct species by preventing successful interbreeding |
| Alleles | are different variations of the same genes, a dominant alleles trait shows up even with just one copy; while a recessive only shows up if both alleles are recessive |
| heterozygous genotypes | means an organism have two different alleles for a gene, one dominant and one recessive (Bb) |
| homozygous genotype | occur when organisms have two identical alleles a particular gene (BB) (bb) |
| Genotypes | two alleles (1 inherited from each parent) make up a genotype, a genotype is a combination of alleles an organism has as a trait |
| phenotype | is the observable physical characteristic of an organism |
| mendel's law of segregation | each parent has two alleles for a trait but passes only one to each offspring --> two alleles coding for the same trait but passes only |
| chromosomes | are long thread like structures made of DNA that carry the genetic instructions for organisms traits |
| Taxonomy | the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organism |
| evolution | is the fundamental biological process where heritable traits in populations change over generations |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst, usually a protein that speeds up specific chemical reactions in living organisms without being used up |
| path of food through digestive tract | start at the mouth, down to the esophagus, into the body stomach, then to the small intestine, then the large intestine, and lastly exits the body. |
| Amylase and pepsin | are digestive enzymes that break down food |
| what do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder | They are essential accessory organs that produce and deliver crucial substances to the small intestine for digestion |
| mechanical digestion | physically breaking down food into smaller units |
| chemical digestion | chemically breaking down food into smaller units |
| peristalsis | is a series of involuntary, wave like muscle contractions that move food, liquids and waste through the hollow organs of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the anus, also helps move urine from the kidneys to the bladder. |
| The hearts four chambers | the upper arteries receive blood, and the lower more muscular ventricles pump blood out; the right side handles deoxygenated blood (to the lungs); while the left side handles oxygenated blood (to the body), with valves ensuring one-way flow through these chambers for efficient circulation. |
| Arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| capillaries | connect arterioles and venules |
| veins | carries blood toward the heart |
| red blood cells | carries o2 using red pigment called hemoglobin that binds strongly with o2 --> circulate in the blood for roughly 120 days |
| white blood cells | formed in red bone marrow, defined the body against against pathogens |
| platelets | are fragments of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane |
| Pulmonary | carries o2 - depleted blood from heart to lungs o2 rich blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the body |
| systemic | o2 rich blood from heart to the rest of the body o2 depleted blood returns to heart to be pumped into the lungs |
| Path air takes from the nose to the alveoli | air enters through nose, travels the pharynx and larynx into the trachea, then splits into bronchi, which divide into smaller bronchioles ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli |
| function of diagram in breathing | to contract and flatten during inhalation to pull air into the lungs, then relax and dome upward to push air out during exhalation |
| explain gas exchange in the alveoli | in the alveoli, o2 diffuses into the blood stream |
| cellular respiration | oxygen acts as the essential final electron acceptor, allowing the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of atp energy from glucose, while carbon dioxide is a waste product |