Bacteria

single celled organism that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Archaea

single celled organisms that often live in extreme environments

Eukaryotic

organisms with complex cells

prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus

Eukaryotic

cells have a nucleus

Archaebacteria

live in harsh environments

Eubacteria

inhabit in almost all environments

prostista

a group that acts like a bridge between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

fungi

heterotrophs that don't ingest food, they act like decomposers by absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter

Plantae

autotrophic organisms; produce their own food

animalia

heterotrophic organisms

Taxonomy

science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

Domain

dividing all life into 3 groups; bacteria, archaea, eukarya

kingdom

groups like, animalia, plantae, fungi

prostia

eubacteria and archaebacteria

phylum

groups organisms with similar body plan

class

specific grouping with a phylum

order

group related classes

Family

groups similar genera

genus

a group of closely related species

species

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

biological system of naming organisms

is split into two terms; first indicates the genus and second indicates the species

Natural selection

is the process by which organisms are better adapted to their environment, survive and reproduce more passing on advantageous traits to offspring

homologous structures

share common ancestor but have different functions

Analogous structures

have similar functions but separate evolutionary origins

speciation

is the process by witch a single ancestral species split into two or more distinct, genetically independent species that can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

mutation

by introducing new genetic variations into a population

gene flow

by introducing new alleles and genetic variations into a population

genetic drift

by introducing new genetic variations into a population; reducing genetic drift between populations and influencing adaption by spreading advantageous or disadvantageous alleles

Artificial selection

is guided by human preferences

gradualism

change that happens slowly over time

reproduction isolation

blocks gene flow between populations; allowing them to diverge genetically and become distinct species by preventing successful interbreeding

Alleles

are different variations of the same genes, a dominant alleles trait shows up even with just one copy; while a recessive only shows up if both alleles are recessive

heterozygous genotypes

means an organism have two different alleles for a gene, one dominant and one recessive (Bb)

homozygous genotype

occur when organisms have two identical alleles a particular gene (BB) (bb)

Genotypes

two alleles (1 inherited from each parent) make up a genotype, a genotype is a combination of alleles an organism has as a trait

phenotype

is the observable physical characteristic of an organism

mendel's law of segregation

each parent has two alleles for a trait but passes only one to each offspring --> two alleles coding for the same trait but passes only

chromosomes

are long thread like structures made of DNA that carry the genetic instructions for organisms traits

Taxonomy

the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organism

evolution

is the fundamental biological process where heritable traits in populations change over generations

enzyme

a biological catalyst, usually a protein that speeds up specific chemical reactions in living organisms without being used up

path of food through digestive tract

start at the mouth, down to the esophagus, into the body stomach, then to the small intestine, then the large intestine, and lastly exits the body.

Amylase and pepsin

are digestive enzymes that break down food

what do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

They are essential accessory organs that produce and deliver crucial substances to the small intestine for digestion

mechanical digestion

physically breaking down food into smaller units

chemical digestion

chemically breaking down food into smaller units

peristalsis

is a series of involuntary, wave like muscle contractions that move food, liquids and waste through the hollow organs of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the anus, also helps move urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The hearts four chambers

the upper arteries receive blood, and the lower more muscular ventricles pump blood out; the right side handles deoxygenated blood (to the lungs); while the left side handles oxygenated blood (to the body), with valves ensuring one-way flow through these chambers for efficient circulation.

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

capillaries

connect arterioles and venules

veins

carries blood toward the heart

red blood cells

carries o2 using red pigment called hemoglobin that binds strongly with o2 --> circulate in the blood for roughly 120 days

white blood cells

formed in red bone marrow, defined the body against against pathogens

platelets

are fragments of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

Pulmonary

carries o2 - depleted blood from heart to lungs o2 rich blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the body

systemic

o2 rich blood from heart to the rest of the body o2 depleted blood returns to heart to be pumped into the lungs

Path air takes from the nose to the alveoli

air enters through nose, travels the pharynx and larynx into the trachea, then splits into bronchi, which divide into smaller bronchioles ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli

function of diagram in breathing

to contract and flatten during inhalation to pull air into the lungs, then relax and dome upward to push air out during exhalation

explain gas exchange in the alveoli

in the alveoli, o2 diffuses into the blood stream

cellular respiration

oxygen acts as the essential final electron acceptor, allowing the electron transport chain to produce large amounts of atp energy from glucose, while carbon dioxide is a waste product