what cells have different dna

red blood cells and gametes

3 basic components of cell

cytoplasm, nucleus, plasma membrane

what does cytoplasm include

cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, cytosol

cytoskeleton

structural component -microtubules -intermediate filaments -microfilaments

cytosol

fluid

organelles

'little organs'--specialized functions within cell

inclusions

nonessential structures

nucleus

largest organelle -- genetic control center(contains chromosomes), produces ribosomes

plasma membrane

boundary of cell

1

hydrophilic head of phospholipid

2

hydrophobic tail of phospholipid -- no water can pass through, but lipids can

integral(transmembrane) protein

on plasma membrane -- channel protein can open and close to let substances thru to celll

peripheral protein

can adhere to outside or inside of membrane functions: connection cell markers, receptors, enzymes

microvilli

surface extension-- -plasma membrane -increases surface area

cilia

surface extension -- causes movement ex) trachea

flagella

surface extension of male gamete -- propulsion of sperm

centrioles

organelle for mitosis - separate chromosomes

mitochondria

aerobic respiration and ATP production=ENERGY

atp

Adenine TriPhosphate

where are ribosomes located

cytosol, rough ER, nuclear envelope nucleoli, mitochondria

ribosome

protein synthesis (translates mRNA(messenger RNA) into proteins)

DNA->RNA

transcription= is rewritten (in nucleus) 1ST STEP

RNA->protein

translation= different 'language' (in ribosomes) 2ND STEP

rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded with ribosomes produces phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane produces proteins for secretion and for lysosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

produces detoxifying cells produces steroids

golgi complex

produces golgi vessicles which package and send proteins

lysosomes

'garbage disposal' --- for cell parts enzymes in single-unit membrane

perioxisomes

resemble lysosomes oxidize other molecules -- produce hydrogen peroxide abundant in liver and kidneys

proteasomes

cylindrical break down proteins

autophagy

breaking down of organelles

apoptosis

programmed cell death

passive membrane transport

no energy is used by cell

active membrane transport

cell needs to provide energy (solute too big, moving against concentration gradient)

simple diffusion

when a solute moves down concentration gradient -- high concentration -> low concentration PASSIVE

lipid soluble solute

nonpolar -- can go thru phospholipid membrane

water soluble solute

polar -- has to go thru channel protein

osmosis

special case of simple diffusion -- movement of water -opposite of simple diffusion -- water goes from 'more watery' to 'less watery'

hypotonic

lower concentration outside= water goes in

hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes outside = water goes out

facilitated diffusion

a solute binds on a receptor site of a protein, protein changes shape, solute is released on other side PASSIVE

filtration

blood pressure in capillaries forces water and small solutes through clefts between cells PASSIVE

active transport

solute moves up concentration gradient 1. binds to receptor site on transport protein 2. protein breaks down ATP -atp ->adp -Pi binds to protein and induces shape change 3. protein releases solute to other side

vesicular transport

uses cell vesicles ACTIVE

Pinocytosis -- cells engulf or 'drink' fluid

receptor-mediated endocytosis vesicles bring solute in thru receptors

exocytosis --expulsion

interphase -- G1

first gap phase -- growth, normal metabolic rates

interphase -- S

Synthesis phase -- DNA replication

interphase -- G2

second gap phase -- growth, prep for mitosis

prophase

chromatin condenses nuclear envelope breaks down nucleolus disappears

metaphase

chromosomes align in middle of cell

anaphase

daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles

telophase

chromatids at each pole condense nuclear membrane reforms nucleoli reforms

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm -- cell pinches into two identical daughter cells

stem cells

immature cells that can develop into 1 or more types of mature specialized cells

pluripotent stem cells

can make anything -- embryonic

multipotent

specialized to certain system ex)bone stem cells