The respiratory system is divided into the....... respiratory tract

upper and lower

The lungs are not identical as the right lung has ...... lobes and the left has ....

3 and 2

The two main muscles involved in respiration are the D_______________ and the I______________ , which are between the ribs.

Diaphragm and inter-coastal muscle

From the nasal cavity, breathed air moves to

pharynx, larynx and trachea

Air then moves to the

bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

What are the names of the two nervous system control areas for breathing?1.

Medullary control 2. Pons Control

In understanding the mechanics of ventilation, the way air gets into and out of the lung, there are three pressures to consider:

Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure

Which other two chemical elements play a primary role in the control of breathing?

Hydrogen_______ 2. _____Oxygen

The main site of O2 and Co2 respiratory gas exchange is the

alveoli

O2 and Co2 move across the respiratory membranes using the process of

simple diffusion.

O2 travels in the blood in two ways; it is mainly bound to haemoglobin molecules, and a small amount is attached to

Plasma

When O2 passes through the.... into the bloodstream it binds with....... to form.........

When O2 passes through the capillary membrane into the bloodstream it binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.

The main drive to breathe in a healthy individual is stimulated by which chemical compound?...........This is because low arterial pH is the main stimulator of respiration.

Carbon dioxide - Co2.

What is meant by Boyle’s law in relation to gas pressure?_

Air flows from high pressure to low • The diaphragm contracts and flattens, making the thorax longer • Intercostal muscles contract, lifting the thorax up and out, making the thorax wider • This contraction increases lung volume and, therefore, decreases pressure – causing air to flow into the lung from the atmosphere – from high to low pressure • Inspiratory muscles relax, and lungs recoil. ( Diaphragm relaxes intercostal relax) A decrease in lung volume causes an increase in pressure, and gas flows out of the lungs to equalise from high to low pressure.

How is a change in the above pressures achieved in the lung field?

Inspiration: An Increase in lung volume causes a slight decrease in pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, gas flows into the lungs to equalise. • The diaphragm contracts and flattens, making the thorax longer. • Intercostal muscles contract, lift the ribs, and pull the sternum out, making the thorax wider. • This increase in volume decreases the pressure, and moves air into the lung. Expiration: A decrease in lung volume causes an increase in pressure, gas flows out of the lungs to equalise.

The primary function of alveoli is to exchange........ and ........... through the alveolar membranes and capillaries. The walls of the alveoli contain two types of cells: Type 1 cells, which are essential for the gas exchange function of the lungs and also produce ......................... Type 2 cells are essential as they produce.........., which controls the surface tension in the alveoli.

oxygen and carbon dioxide angiotensin-converting enzyme Surfactant

In the respiratory system, ......... is found in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles. Innervated by the .................., it helps regulate airflow into the................ by controlling their................, particularly when the body requires greater volumes of air, such as during exercise, smooth muscle relaxes to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles