What is the Ebers Papyrus?

Egyptian text with 800 prescriptions & 700+ substances

What civilization first recorded pharmacy practices?

Babylonia

Who wrote the Pen T-Sao?

Shen Nung

How many drugs were recorded in Pen T-Sao?

365

Who systematized pharmacy?

Galen

What is Galenical pharmacy?

Precise compounding of drugs

How long did Galen's influence last?

1,500 years

Who wrote the Canon of Medicine?

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

What major professional change occurred?

Separation of pharmacy and medicine

What major professional change occurred during Avicenna's era?

Separation of pharmacy and medicine

Who rejected humoral theory?

Paracelsus

What is chemotherapy?

Targeted chemical treatment of disease

What is chemotherapy originally?

Targeted chemical treatment of disease

Who isolated morphine?

Friedrich Sertürner

Why was morphine isolation important?

Proved drugs are discrete chemical entities

Who introduced the "magic bullet" concept?

Paul Ehrlich

What was Salvarsan used to treat?

Syphilis

Who enabled mass production of penicillin?

Florey and Chain

First genetically engineered drug?

Recombinant human insulin (1982)

What innovation did recombinant human insulin represent?

Shift from chemical synthesis to biological engineering

What is pharmacogenomics?

Drug therapy based on genetics

Examples of modern biologics

Monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, CAR‑T

Pharmacokinetics

What the BODY does to the DRUG

Pharmacodynamics

What the DRUG does to the BODY

What is a poultice?

Warm herbal mass applied to skin

Poultice in medieval times was primarily used to

Draw out infection or reduce inflammation

What is a decoction?

Boiled plant extract

What is a tincture?

Alcohol‑based herbal extract

What is an electuary?

Sweet herbal paste

Ancient dosage forms

Poultices, Distillate, Decoctions

What is a clyster?

Enema

Why is iodized salt important?

Prevents goiter

What food interferes with warfarin?

Vitamin K‑rich foods

Phase I trial purpose

Safety testing in healthy volunteers

Phase II trial purpose

Effectiveness in patients with disease

Phase III trial purpose

Large‑scale testing

Phase IV trial purpose

Post‑marketing surveillance

What organization regulates drugs in the UK?

MHRA

UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

MHRA

A medieval pill was often coated in gold or silver leaf to

Ease swallowing and preserve contents

Who is considered the father of pharmaceutical compounding?

Galen, the Greek physician

Earliest pharmacies were known as

Apothecary shops

Father of botany

Theophrastus