Nationalism
devotion to one’s nation, started international and domestic tension.
1/76
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nationalism | devotion to one’s nation, started international and domestic tension. |
| Militarism | Increases Arms Production. Leaders increased the size of their armies and stockpiles of weapons. |
| “Entangling Alliances” | the dense web of pre war military agreements… especially the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente… that meant a conflict between two states could quickly pull in many others. |
| Triple Alliance | Germany wanted to protect herself and signed alliance treaties with Italy and Austria |
| Triple Entente | The British worked to strengthen her relationship with France and Russia but refused to lock herself into any signed treaty. Britain, France, and Russia. |
| Events in Sarajevo | a Serbian nationalist killed the heir apparent to the AustroHungarian throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand. |
| Declaration of War in Europe | Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia. |
| Central Powers | included Germany, Austria |
| Allied Powers | France, Britain, Russia, Japan, Serbia, and Italy. |
| Wilsonian Principles | included democracy, the Open Door, freemarket capitalism, and open diplomacy. |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | Announced by Germany in February 1917, said they would sink all warships and merchant vessels in the war zone |
| Arabic Pledge | Germany promised with certain conditions not to sink unarmed passenger liners without warning |
| Sussex Pledge | Germany promised with certain conditions not to sink any merchant ships without warning. |
| “Peace without Victory” | Many prominent Americans, meanwhile, urged Wilson to keep the United States out of the war, and Wilson campaigned on a peace platform in the 1916 presidential election. Following his electoral victory, Wilson labored futilely to bring the belligerents to the conference table |
| Zimmermann Note | secretly proposed to Mexico that they form an alliance against the United States. In return, he suggested Mexico could reclaim territories it had lost in 1848, including several western states. |
| Wilson’s Declaration of War | He accused the Germans of “warfare against mankind.” He declared the “Prussian autocracy” had to be punished by “the democracies.” |
| National Defense Act of 1916 | provided for increase in the army and National Guard |
| Navy Act of 1916 | started the largest naval expansion in U.S. history. |
| Selective Service Act | All males between the ages of 21 and 30 (later changed to 18 and 45) were required to register for the draft. |
| Bolsheviks | attempted to embarrass the capitalist governments and incite world revolution by publishing the Allies’ secret agreements for dividing up the colonies of the Central Powers. |
| Bolshevik Revolution | Russia replaced the liberaldemocratic government of Aleksander Kerensky with radical socialists led by Vladimir Lenin. |
| Trench Warfare | Zigzag trenches fronted by barbed wire and mines stretch across France. Soldiers charged enemy trenches only to be mown down by machine gun fire and poison gas. |
| War of Attrition | a military strategy where opposing sides sought to exhaust each other's manpower, resources, and morale through prolonged, grinding combat rather than decisive breakthroughs, leading to massive casualties with minimal territorial gains. |
| Wilson’s 14 Points | 1. Make no secret diplomatic agreements. 2. Allow freedom of the seas in peace and war. 3. Remove as many economic trade barriers as possible between countries. 4. Reduce stockpiles of military armaments to the lowest point needed for domestic safety. 5. Adjust colonial claims, giving more weight to the views of the colonized people. 6. Evacuate and restore Russian territories seized during the war. 7. Restore and protect Belgium's sovereignty. 8. Restore French territory and settle the debate over Alsace Lorraine. 9. Adjust Italy's boundaries according to the nationalities of populations living there. 10. Allow for the peoples of the former AustroHunagrian Empire to choose their own governments. 11. Redraw boundaries of Balkan states based on nationalities and historical allegiances. 12. Separate the Ottoman Empire into independent countries according to nationality; guarantee all nations access to the Dardanelles. 13. Restore and protect Poland as a sovereign state with access to the sea. 14. Establish an association of nations to provide collective security and to ensure peace. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1918 | Lenin called for an immediate end to the fighting, the eradication of colonialism, and self-determination for all peoples. Made a separate peace treaty with Germany. |
| American Troops in Battle | Called “doughboys,” saw significant action in the late spring and summer of 1918. Learned quickly and fought bravely. |
| Armistice Day | On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered to the Allies in a railway car in Compiegne, France. (11th day of the 11th month at the 11th hour) |
| Flu Pandemic | killed 50 million people in 1918 including 675,000 Americans. This pandemic coming on the heels of the war created a sense of gloom and doom around the world |
| The Council of National Defense | formed in August 1916, created a variety of new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort |
| War Industries Board | formed in August 1916, created a variety of new federal administrative agencies to oversee different phases of the war effort |
| Food Administration | Led by Herbert Hoover, set prices high for wheat and other food items to encourage farmers to increase production. |
| Railroad Administration | took over the railway industry |
| Fuel Administration | controlled coal supplies and rationed gasoline |
| AT&T Strike | The broader labor climate around WWI saw growing unionization, wage demands, and wartime inflation leading to more strikes across many industries, especially in 1919 after the war. |
| Henry Ford | WIB told him frankly that he would dispatch the military to seize his plants if the automaker did not accept WIB limits on car production. |
| 1916 Revenue Act | Act raised the surtax on high incomes and corporate profits, imposed a federal tax on large estates, and increased taxes on munitions manufacturers. |
| War Revenue Act of 1917 | provided for a more steeply graduated income tax; a corporate income tax; an excess profits tax; and increased excise taxes on alcohol, tobacco, and luxury items. |
| Economics of the War | reshaped the world economy by massively expanding state control, driving up debt and inflation, and shifting financial power from Europe to the United States. |
| How did we raise money for the War? | Liberty bonds |
| Women Welcome New Opportunities | The tight wartime labor market opened opportunities in the electrical machinery, airplane, food, and railroad industries. |
| African Americans and the Great Migration | to northern cities to work in railroad yards, packinghouses, steel mills, shipyards, and coal mines. |
| Home Front and Battlefield | civilians lived in highly mobilized societies marked by propaganda, rationing, and expanded roles for women and workers, while on the battlefield soldiers endured industrialized trench warfare with artillery, machine guns, gas, and horrific living conditions. |
| Push and Pull Factors for the Great Migration | people migrate because some factors “push” them away from where they have been living while other factors “pull” them toward their destination. |
| Mexican Migrant Workers | crossing the border to harvest fruits or grains or to pick cotton while each crop was in season, returning to Mexico |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) | discouraged strikes and lockouts and urged management to negotiate with existing unions. |
| Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) | staged more than 6,000 strikes demanding a “living wage” and better working conditions. |
| Committee on Public Information | created to educate the public about the causes of the war as well as current happenings pertaining to the war |
| “Sell the War in America” | George Creel was named head of the Committee on Public Relations and was basically told this |
| Opposition to the War | Many critics saw the conflict as an imperialist or capitalist war and resisted conscription, censorship, and limits on civil liberties. |
| Women Oppose the War | Jeannette Rankin, the first woman to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives, voted against the declaration of war. |
| Violation of 1st Amendment | Some argued that the CPI limited the free expression of controversial opinions and worried about the impact of a rigorous military campaign on democracy |
| Espionage Act | allowed postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mail. |
| Sedition Act | made it unlawful to use “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the American form of government, the Constitution, or the military forces. |
| Schenck vs. US | it ruled that there are times when the need for public order is so pressing that First Amendment protections of speech do not apply |
| Prejudice Against Germans | Due to Many actions of the CPI, Americans regarded Germany's Kaiser as arrogant, its generals as ruthless, and its soldiers as spike |
| Communist International (Comintern) | Their fears grew in 1919, when the Soviet leadership announced the formation of this to export revolution throughout the world. |
| Red Scare | At home, more than 3,300 labor strikes involving 4 million workers broke out in 1919 |
| The American Legion | organized in 1919 to lobby for veterans’ benefits, preached an antiradicalism that fueled the Red Scare and demanded conformity. |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | He appointed J. Edgar Hoover to lead the Radical Division of the Department of Justice. During 1919, agents jailed IWW members and deported 249 undocumented immigrant radicals. |
| J. Edgar Hoover | Lead of the Radical Division of the Department of Justice |
| Palmer Raids | were planned and directed by Hoover, government agents in 33 cities arrested and jailed 4,000 people. Many were held in brutal conditions. Most, having committed no crimes, were later released. |
| “Red Summer” (Chicago Riots) | racial violence rocked two dozen cities and towns.The worst violence occurred in July in Chicago, where 23 Black people and 15 white people died in battles across the city. Black leaders vowed to continue the struggle. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Germany Surrenders.By the fall of 1918, the German front was collapsing |
| “Big Four” | Great Britain: David Lloyd George, France: Georges Clemenceau, Italy: Vitorio Orlando, U.S.:Woodrow Wilson |
| Terms of Treaty | territorial changes, military restrictions, reparations and guilt clause, and league of nations |
| War Guilt Clause | required Germany to accept responsibility for all Allied losses from World War I, justifying massive reparations. |
| Reparations Amount | Set at 33 billion |
| New Independent States | Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia |
| League of Nations | Used to secure “mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.” |
| Article 10 | called for mutual defense agreement by those who signed…they were called “irreconcilables”. Basically said they had to respect the League of Nations |
| New Nations of Russia | Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania |
| Alsace Lorraine | a disputed border region between France and Germany, annexed by Germany after the Franco |
| Opposition to the Treaty | Germans rejected it as a humiliating "diktat" with the war guilt clause, reparations, and territorial losses; the U.S. Senate opposed Article 10 of the League Covenant for threatening sovereignty; and even some Allied leaders like France's Foch saw it as too lenient. |
| Reservationists | Other senators didn’t like how the treaty was written |
| Irreconcilables | Those who signed a mutual defense agreement that opposed the League of Nations and Article 10 |
| Wilsonian Democrats | idealistic push for the League of Nations, self |