How can a teacher modify a painting activity to accommodate the physical development differences between a 3-year-old and an 8-year-old child?

Provide thicker brushes and larger paper for the 3-year-old; offer fine brushes and detailed canvases for the 8-year-old.

How can a teacher adapt a climbing activity for a 3-year-old child compared to an 8-year-old child to match their physical development levels?

Use a low, soft climbing structure for the 3-year-old; use a more complex and higher climbing apparatus for the 8-year-old

Which of the following activities would be appropriate for assessing the fine motor development of a 4-year-old child?

Have the child use scissors to cut out simple shapes

What is within the typical range of gross motor development for a 4-year-old child

Dancing to music

How might a 6-year-old child solve a puzzle differently than an 8-year-old ?

A 6-year-old might use trial and error, while an 8-year-old might use more systematic approaches

What is a significant difference in the problem-solving strategies of a 6-year-old compared to an 8-year-old?

A 6-year-old will likely experiment more, while an 8-year-old will plan and strategize.

Which of the following statements best describes how environment and inheritance shape cognitive ability?

Both genetic inheritance and environmental factors interact dynamically to shape cognitive ability.

Ms. Hernandez wants to create a learning environment that is healthy, respectful, supportive, and challenging for her first-grade students. Which strategies best demonstrate her application of developmental knowledge to achieve this goal? Choose ALL that apply.

Provide a variety of learning activities at different developmental stages/Practice routines and procedures to maximize learning.

Ms. Thompson, a first-grade teacher, notices that one of her students, Liam, often comes to school without breakfast and seems tired and distracted. How might Liam’s nutrition and health impact his physical, cognitive, and emotional development, and what could Ms. Thompson do to support him?

Poor nutrition and health can significantly impact a child’s physical energy; therefore, Ms. Thompson should ensure Liam has access to the school’s breakfast program.

Mr. Kim is preparing for a new school year and wants to better understand his students’ diverse family and community backgrounds to support their learning. How can he be informed of these characteristics without violating the privacy of individual families?

Use general information from parent-teacher conferences, community events, and school records to gain insights while respecting privacy.

Ms. Patel has a student, Arjun, whose family speaks primarily Hindi at home. She wants to ensure that her teaching methods are inclusive and supportive of Arjun’s linguistic background.

Incorporate bilingual resources and communicate with the family to better understand Arjun’s linguistic needs.

Mr. Bennett notices that one of his third-grade students, Sarah, often appears tired and hungry when she arrives at school. She struggles to concentrate in class and frequently falls asleep at her desk. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which level of needs should Mr. Bennett address first to help Sarah improve her concentration and engagement in class?

Physiological Needs

Ms. Roberts is developing a classroom environment that aims to support her students’ diverse needs. She wants to ensure that her students feel safe and secure in her classroom before focusing on their academic achievements and self-esteem. Which of the following strategies aligns with addressing safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Providing a consistent classroom routine and clear rules to create a stable environment.

Ms. Jackson is a preschool teacher who has been informed that one of her students, Tommy, has recently been diagnosed with a speech delay and now has an IEP in place. Which of the following actions should Ms. Jackson take to ensure she effectively supports Tommy’s IEP goals?

Collaborate with the speech therapist to incorporate recommended activities into Tommy’s daily routine.

Mr. Lopez is preparing for an upcoming IEP meeting for his student, Emily, who has a learning disability. He wants to ensure that he provides valuable input and effectively participates in the meeting What is one important step Mr. Lopez should take to prepare for Emily’s IEP meeting?

Review Emily’s current performance data and prepare to discuss her progress and areas of need.

Which of the following lists all the concepts of number sense that a child at the preoperational stage can typically understand?

Counting up to 10, recognizing basic shapes, and understanding one-to-one correspondence

Ms. Carter is a first-grade teacher who has three students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) requiring occupational therapy services. These services are scheduled during the class’s art time, but Ms. Carter often keeps the students in class for art because she believes it enhances their creativity. Which of the following best explains why Ms. Carter is in violation of the students’ IEPs?

Ms. Carter is not ensuring the specific supports outlined in the students’ IEPs are being provided.

Sam is five years old in a preschool class. His teacher and the school psychologist recommend that Sam wait one more year before entering kindergarten. These educators feel that this would give Sam more time to develop and become ready for kindergarten. Which of the following theories does this assertion align with?

Maturational theory

The following are observations made by a teacher about several 8-year-old children’s academic and behavioral behaviors: • Alex sometimes struggles to complete two-step math problems and frequently asks for help. • Mia sometimes disrupts the class by talking out of turn and interrupting others. • Ethan brags about his achievements in science and pretends not to need help, even when he does. • Olivia consistently fails to turn in homework and appears unable to follow sequences in instructions. Based on these observations, which child’s academic and behavioral development should the teacher be most concerned about?

Olivia

Mrs. Green is teaching a second-grade class about buoyancy using a constructivist approach. She gives the students various objects to place in water to see which float and sink. The students observe that some heavy objects float while some light objects sink. Which of the following teacher actions would best help the students understand the principles of buoyancy?

Encouraging students to test more objects and make predictions to understand why some objects float and others sink

Which of the following is the best example of how a kindergarten teacher can foster a supportive and inclusive classroom environment for young children?

Teach children to celebrate and appreciate each other’s cultural backgrounds.

Which of the following is the best example of a child demonstrating characteristics typical of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Emma creates imaginary scenarios and roles during playtime

Ms. Thompson is preparing a lesson on addition for her second-grade class, which includes students with varying abilities and learning styles. To ensure she is providing the most effective instruction, which of the following strategies should she use to cater to the diverse needs of her students?

Set up differentiated learning centers with various addition activities tailored to different ability levels and learning styles.

Mr. Rivera is designing a reading lesson for his first-grade class, which includes students with a wide range of developmental differences. To ensure he is applying Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles, which of the following strategies should he use to make the lesson accessible and beneficial for all students?

Offer multiple means of representation, such as audiobooks, visual aids, and interactive e-books, to present the reading material.

Ms. Lee is planning her curriculum for a diverse kindergarten class. She wants to adopt a holistic approach to teaching that addresses students’ cognitive, social, emotional, physical, and language needs. Which of the following strategies best aligns with a holistic approach?

Integrating activities that promote movement, journal writing, role play, and speaking into the daily schedule.

A teacher has observed a child and writes a summary of her observations. Which of the following summaries represents an interference rather than an objective statement of behavior?

Sarah’s behavior of sitting quietly in the corner and avoiding eye contact suggests she feels lonely and isolated.

After the universal screening process and an oral reading analysis using grade-level text, three second grade students in Ms. Jefferson’s class have been identified as at risk. What should Ms. Jefferson do next in helping these at-risk students?

Administer a series of diagnostic assessments focused on specific skills such as phonemic awareness, phonics, word recognition.

Which of the following is the most effective way to use assessments in the reading classroom?

To make instructional decisions

A teacher is planning to implement evidence-based reading strategies in the classroom and wants to determine whether these strategies are effective for her students. What assessments should the teacher use to measure this?

Use a diagnostic pretest at the beginning of the semester, formative assessments throughout the semester, and then a summative at the end of the semester.

Ms. Anderson is assessing her preschool students’ literacy development using both qualitative and quantitative data. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates her effective use of both types of data to inform her instruction?

Ms. Anderson uses a checklist to count the number of sight words each child can recognize and maintains anecdotal records of their engagement and strategies during reading activities.

Ms. Turner wants to collect comprehensive data on her students’ development in a structured and consistent manner. Which combination of methods would best help her achieve this goal?

Use systematic observations with structured protocols, maintain checklists and rubrics, and compile student portfolios.

Which type of assessment is best described by ongoing evaluations that monitor student learning and provide feedback for instructional adjustments, often using methods such as observations and daily quizzes?

Formative assessment

Which type of assessment involves students demonstrating their knowledge and skills through practical tasks such as science experiments, presentations, and art projects?

Performance-Based

Ms. Johnson wants to assess her third-grade students’ understanding of the state’s mathematics standards. She decides to use a specific type of assessment that measures each student’s performance against the established state standards. Which of the following assessment methods should Ms. Johnson use?

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

Ms. Carter uses anecdotal records to assess her kindergarten students’ progress. Which of the following best explains how anecdotal records can be used to demonstrate what a student can do?

Anecdotal records offer a detailed, narrative description of a student’s behaviors and skills in various situations

Ms. Johnson, a preschool teacher, plans to introduce her four-year-old students to the formal symbols for the numbers one through ten. Which of the following methods would be the most appropriate way to assess if the children are ready for this learning task?

Observe the children as they engage in on-to-one correspondence.

What is the role of the teacher in the process of referring a child for speech services?

Identify signs of potential speech difficulties, document observations, and communicate with parents and speech-language pathologists to initiate the referral process.

What is the primary purpose of creating a multidimensional assessment for students with cultural and linguistic differences?

To provide a comprehensive evaluation that considers students’ diverse backgrounds and identifies their unique strengths and needs.

Mr. Davis wants to evaluate the social interactions and academic progress of his kindergarten students. Which of the following methods would best allow him to gather both qualitative and quantitative data?

Use a rating scale to measure students’ ability to share and cooperate during group activities and maintain a journal of specific incidents where students demonstrate these skills.

Ms. Lee uses anecdotal records to assess her preschool students’ early math skills. Which anecdotal notes provide the most relevant data for determining a student’s understanding of number sense and counting?

“During snack time, Maria counted out ten crackers for herself and ten for her friend, ensuring they each had the same amount.”

Ms. Nguyen evaluates her kindergarten students using various assessment methods. For math skills, she decides to use a performance-based assessment. Which of the following best describes an advantage of using performance-based assessments in math?

They allow students to demonstrate their skills and knowledge through practical tasks, providing a more comprehensive view of their abilities

Which of the following statements best describes a disadvantage of using standardized tests in early childhood education?

They may not accurately reflect the abilities of students with cultural and linguistic differences, leading to potential biases in results.

Indicate FOUR ways in which assessment results can be communicated to families effectively.

Provide written reports with detailed explanations of assessment results and suggested activities for home support Hold face-to-face meetings or conferences to discuss assessment results and answer any questions the parents might have. Provide visual aids, such as charts and graphs, to help explain the assessment results clearly. Offer workshops or informational sessions for parents to understand how to interpret assessment results and use them to support their child’s learning.

Mr. Martinez wants to ensure the accuracy of his students’ assessment results by using triangulation. Which of the following methods best demonstrates triangulation in the assessment process?

Combine observations, student work samples, and standardized test scores to confirm findings.

Ms. Anderson is designing her classroom to accommodate students with physical and emotional disabilities, ensuring she adheres to least restrictive environment (LRE) principles. Which of the following plans best aligns with LRE principles while meeting the needs of all students?

Integrate students with disabilities into the general classroom, providing necessary accommodations such as assistive technology.

Ms. Carter is preparing to read a book about frogs to her kindergarten class and wants to gauge the students’ existing knowledge on the topic. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for this purpose?

Encourage students to look at and discuss the pictures in the book before reading.

Ms. Rodriguez is an early childhood teacher with three students with IEPs in her class. Two students are supposed to receive services with an occupational therapist during the school day. Ms. Rodriguez does not send the students down to occupational therapy and instead keeps them in their reading block. She believes the reading block is more important than occupational therapy. Is Ms. Rodriguez in violation of the students’ IEPs, and why?

Yes, an IEP is a legal document, and all accommodations in it must be followed under federal law.

As part of a science unit on plant growth, Ms. Thompson invites a local gardener to her kindergarten class. Which of the following would be the most effective use of the gardener as an outside resource?

Have the gardener demonstrate how to plant seeds and care for them, allowing the children to practice planting.

Ms. Turner is setting up a fish tank in her kindergarten classroom to teach her students about aquatic life and responsibility through observing and caring for the fish. Which of the following strategies would best set her students up for success in this area using developmentally appropriate practices? Choose ALL that apply.

Setting a rotating schedule for students to feed the fish, clean the tank, and record observations, ensuring each child has a turn and understands their responsibilities Demonstrating how to care for the fish with detailed step-by-step, explicit instructions. Establishing a routine for feeding and caring for the fish, making it part of the daily classroom schedule.

Ms. Patel is planning a math activity for her prekindergarten class to help students understand the concepts of “put together” and “take away”. Which of the following activities would best achieve this objective?

Use counting bears to show how adding or taking bears away from a group changes the total number.

Ms. Taylor, a prekindergarten teacher, notices that when she places pictures of different types of animals in the art center, the children’s drawings and sculptures become more detailed. Which of the following questions could she ask the children to help them apply principles of observation and creativity to their work?

How could you make your sculpture more realistic?

Ms. Lawson is working with her kindergarten students on recognizing and continuing patterns using shape tiles. One student has placed two shapes in a sequence that does not match the established pattern. Which of the following questions or statements would be most appropriate for the teacher to pose at this point?

Can you tell me why you chose those two shapes?

While working with two-year-old Max, a teacher observes that Max says, “Want juice” when he probably means, “I want some juice.” Which of the following responses by the teacher would be most appropriate?

Take no special action since Max’s wording is age appropriate.

Which of the following groups of objects would be the best selection to aid four-year-old children in developing initial concepts about the physical characteristics of different objects?

Feathers, cotton balls, smooth stones, and rough sandpaper

Ms. Simmons is arranging her first-grade classroom to accommodate a vision-impaired student. Which of the following strategies would best support this student’s learning needs?

Seat the student close to the front of the classroom where they have an unobstructed view of the teacher and instructional materials.

Ms. Martinez is planning a math lesson using the gradual release of responsibility model to scaffold learning. Which of the following sequences best illustrates this model?

Begin with direct instruction, move to guided practice, and then allow students to practice independently.

Mr. Johnson wants to tailor his reading instruction to meet the individual needs of his students. Which of the following strategies best demonstrates differentiation?

Use flexible grouping, offering choice in assignments, and providing additional resources for advanced learners or extra support for those who need it.

Ms. Green wants to encourage critical-thinking skills in her third-grade class by using questioning techniques. Which of the following questions would best achieve this goal?

Why does the caterpillar turn into a butterfly?

Mr. Thompson wants to use problem-based learning (PBL) to engage his third-grade students in critical thinking in math. Which of the following activities best exemplifies PBL?

Have students apply their addition and subtraction skills to a simple budget.

Ms. Rivera wants to encourage her second-grade students to explore and experiment to develop their critical thinking skills. Which of the following activities would be most effective?

Conduct an experiment to see which type of soil best supports plant growth.

Ms. Carter is implementing a blended learning approach in her third-grade classroom. Which of the following strategies best exemplifies blended learning?

Combine classroom lectures with online assignments that students can complete at their own pace, allowing personalized learning experiences.

Ms. Lopez wants to establish routines in her kindergarten classroom to help children develop self regulation and independence. Which of the following strategies best accomplishes this goal?

Establish clear routines for arrival and departure, transitioning between activities and clean-up times, with visual aids and sequences to support understanding.

Mr. Parker wants a classroom environment that accommodates various planned activities. Which of the following strategies would best achieve this goal?

Use flexible spaces where children can engage in specific types of activities.

Mr. Thompson has a student with a mild hearing impairment in his second-grade class. Which of the following strategies best aligns with the concept of least restrictive environment (LRE)?

Provide the student with assistive listening devices following the IEP and seat them near the front of the class.

Ms. Johnson, a second-grade teacher, has been keeping detailed records of her students’ progress and behavior. She wants to share these records with a parent volunteer who helps with classroom activities. According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), what should Ms. Johnson do?

Use the records to inform her teaching but keep them confidential and not share them with the parent volunteer.

Ms. Collins is part of a school-based professional learning community (PLC) at her elementary school. Which of the following activities would best exemplify the purpose of a PLC?

Discuss student progress, share effective teaching strategies, and analyze classroom data to improve instruction.

Ms. Thompson, an early childhood educator, is concerned about one of her students, Emily, who has been struggling with reading comprehension. How would conferring with colleagues and paraprofessionals help Ms. Thompson better understand Emily’s needs?

It helps Ms. Thompson gather diverse perspectives and strategies from other educators who may have observed similar challenges in different contexts.

Ms. Rivera, a kindergarten teacher, wants to improve her teaching practices and the learning environment in her classroom. Which self-assessment techniques would best help her practice?

Keep a detailed reflective journal to document her daily teaching experiences and student interactions.

69. A kindergarten teacher notices that one of her students, Lucas, has significant delays in his ability to run, jump, and balance. Which of the following describes his issues and the most suitable professional

Gross motor skills - Physical therapist

What would be the most appropriate communication technology for a kindergarten teacher to use when communicating with parents?

Class website, email updates, and a mobile app

Ms. Walker, a first-grade teacher, wants to understand how her students’ learning might be affected by their family and community characteristics, such as family structure, socioeconomic conditions, home language, ethnicity, religion, culture, and any stresses or supports. Which of the following methods would best inform her of these characteristics without violating the privacy of individual families. Choose ALL that apply.

Distribute surveys to gather general information about family and community characteristics. Observe students’ behavior and interactions in the classroom Collaborate with school counselors and other professionals who can provide relevant insights. Review cumulative records and reports that include background information shared by previous teachers. Hold regular parent-teacher conferences to discuss each child’s background and needs

Ms. Anderson, a preschool teacher, wants to design an activity that creates a welcoming environment and promotes family involvement and partnerships. Which of the following activities would best achieve this goal?

Organize a classroom open house where students present their artwork and projects to family members and guardians.

. Ms. Patel wants to create a classroom environment that celebrates cultural diversity and promotes understanding among her students. Which of the following strategies would best achieve this goal?

Invite families for a Culture Day to share their cultural customs, stories, and traditions with the class.

Ms. Turner is preparing her preschool students for the transition to kindergarten. Which strategy would best help the children transition to their new educational setting?

Organize a visit to the kindergarten classrooms, where students can meet the teachers and see the environment.

Ms. Carter is a new early childhood educator who wants to ensure she adheres to high ethical standards and provides the best learning experiences for her students. Which approach would best support her professional development and adherence to ethical standards?

Join professional organizations to stay updated on new research and best practices.

During a kindergarten PLC meeting, teachers review data from universal screenings and identify several students who need additional support in reading. Which of the following actions best aligns with a Multi Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) approach?

Implement small-group targeted interventions for the students needing support.

Mr. Smith, a first-grade teacher, is preparing for parent-teacher conferences and wants to discuss students’ reading progress. Which strategy would be most effective for Mr. Smith during the conferences?

Discuss formative and summative assessment data, highlighting strengths and areas for improvement, and provide recommendations for at-home support.

Ms. Davis, an early childhood educator, wants to better understand her students’ backgrounds and needs to provide more individualized support. She decides to implement a strategy that aligns with the principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Which of the following approaches would best help Ms. Davis achieve this goal?

Engage with parents and caregivers through home visits or community meetings to gain insights into children’s backgrounds and needs

Mr. Johnson is a fourth-grade teacher who has a student, Emily, with a diagnosed hearing impairment. Which action should Mr. Johnson take to support Emily’s needs?

Ensure Emily’s 504 Plan includes specific accommodations, such as providing an FM system and ensuring all instructional videos have captions.

Which of the following would NOT follow HIPAA?

Posting student health information on the private staff electronic bulletin board for easy access for teachers only.

Ms. Jordan and her colleagues form a data team to improve their instructional practices and student outcomes. Which of the following steps should the team take first to ensure a data-driven approach to identifying trends and developing action plans?

Collect and analyze current student performance data to identify areas of need.

Phonemic awareness includes the ability to:

Pronounce individual sounds in words.

Students see the following image and say, “Bug!” What stage of word recognition are the students in

Pre-alphabetic

Which skill is the teacher working on with students?

Phonemic awareness

What strategy is the teacher using?

Substitution

Which is NOT a best practice for vocabulary instruction?

Explicit instruction using a dictionary

A teacher is helping students use the semantic cueing system. Which of the following questions aligns with the semantic cueing system?

Does that make sense?

Ms. Gomez is working to support her kindergarten students’ development of writing skills, particularly handwriting. Which strategies best demonstrate her knowledge of using manipulatives to enhance fine motor skills? Choose ALL that apply

Providing students with clay and playdough to strengthen their hand muscles. Using special grips on pencils to help students hold them correctly

Ms. Johnson is teaching her first-grade class to develop comprehension skills. Which of the following activities would best help students make text-to-self connections

Encourage students to relate a personal experience like an event in the story.

Which of the following strategies would best support students in making text-to-world connections during a reading lesson?

Discuss how the story’s events relate to current or historical events.

A kindergarten teacher uses a large book in the front of the room and asks students, “Where should I begin reading this text?” The students point to the top left corner of the page. What skill is the teacher reinforcing?

Concepts of print

Ms. Taylor wants to enhance her kindergarten classroom by creating a print-rich environment. Which of the following methods would best support this objective?

Phonological awareness

Ms. Johnson is a first-grade teacher who wants to improve her students’ reading comprehension by helping them become more aware of their thinking processes while they read. Which of the following strategies would best support this goal?

Read aloud to the class daily while students listen quietly

Ms. Lopez is preparing a lesson for her second-grade class on different types of animals. She wants to help her students organize their thoughts and clearly visualize the similarities and differences between mammals and reptiles. Which of the following graphic organizers would be most appropriate for this task?

Venn Diagram

After reading “Arthur’s Tooth” by Marc Brown to her first-grade class, Ms. Diaz wants to help her students make text-to-self connections. Which of the following questions would best encourage children to relate the text to their own experiences?

“Have you ever lost a tooth? How did you feel about it?”

After introducing her first-grade class to the concept of integrating literacy across different content areas, Ms. Johnson wants to engage her students in an activity that combines reading and writing with other subjects. Which of the following activities would best support this integration?

Encourage students to keep math journals where they write about their problem-solving processes.

Mrs. Garcia reads “The True Story of the Three Little Pigs” by Jon Scieszka to her kindergarten class. She wants her students to understand how point of view can change a story. Which of the following activities would best help her students grasp this concept.

Discuss how the story changes when told from the wolf’s perspective.

A teacher is using dice to help students recognize numbers. She rolls one di, and the students immediately say, “Three!”

Subitizing

A teacher is helping students work towards the objective of classifying and categorizing geometric shapes. Which prerequisite skill must students master before they can meet this new objective?

Recognizing shape attributes

A teacher is working with students on units of measurement. What would be the most effective activity to meet the objective below?

Have students measure their desks using paperclips.

A teacher has students pick their favorite animal from a group of four: dog, dolphin, frog, and elephant. Then, based on everyone’s preference, students create the chart below. What skill does this activity reinforce?

Data organization

What skill would the manipulative below be most effective in reinforcing?

Fractions

A teacher is using the following word problem with students. Which skill does this word problem reinforce? Jan has seven pieces of gum in her backpack. Sidney has four pieces in his backpack. How many more pieces of gum does Jan have than Sidney?

Subtraction

A teacher uses the number below and asks, “What is the value of the underline number 4?” 345 What skill is the teacher working on?

Place value

A teacher is showing students how to represent data in a variety of ways. She wants them to pick the most appropriate graph or chart to present a data set. Which of the following would be most appropriate for representing the percentage of students who like various flavors of ice cream—25% strawberry, 25% vanilla, and 50% chocolate

Circle graph

While completing an addition problem, the teacher has students use snap cubes to find the sum. Which instructional approach is the teacher using?

Concrete

A kindergarten teacher is beginning a lesson on the attributes of two-dimensional figures. Which of the following would be an appropriate strategy for the teacher to begin the lesson?

Use dot paper or a geoboard to explore the attributes of figures.

Mr. Smith wants his kindergarten students to practice grouping and sorting objects based on attributes. He gives each student a handful of blue and green tiles and asks them to fill out the following sentences: • I have ________ blue tiles. • I have ________ green tiles. • I have more _________ tiles than _________ tiles. • I have ________ tiles in all. Which of the following best explains the primary mathematical concept being taught in this activity?

Counting and Cardinality

Mrs. Adams places several blocks in a row and asks students to identify the number of blocks. The students say five. Next, Ms. Adams rearranges them into a circle. She asks her students how many blocks are in the circle. All the students correctly identify that there are still five blocks. Which of the following best explains the mathematical concept taught in this activity?

Conservation of numbers

Mr. Thompson works on developing math fact fluency with his third-grade students. He notices that some students can arrive at the correct answer quickly but cannot explain their method. Which aspect of math fact fluency should Mr. Thompson focus on to improve these students’ skills?

Flexibility

Ms. Wilson’s second-grade class has been practicing addition and subtraction facts. She wants to assess their fluency by focusing on their speed. Which aspect of math fact fluency is she primarily assessing?

Rate

A teacher wants to assess her students’ understanding of abstraction during a math lesson on counting. Which activity would best demonstrate this concept?

Ask students to count a mixed set of blocks that vary in color, shape, and size.

Ms. Green is teaching her first-grade class a new strategy to simplify addition. She explains that when adding 9 and 6, students can round 9 up to 10, add 10 and 6 to get 16 and subtract 1 to get the final answer of 15. What strategy is Ms. Green teaching her students?

Compensation

120. Ms. Sanchez starts with the first addend, five, and then instructs her students to find the total number of books by subtracting. Which strategy could Ms. Sanchez use to help her students visualize this process?

Using a number line