Approach-Oriented Coping

Is an active, intentional strategy where individuals confront stressors or regulate emotional responses to manage challenges effectively

Avoidance-Oriented Coping

Is a strategy where individuals manage stress by evading or distancing themselves from stressors rather than confronting them directly

Buffering Hypothesis

Social support acts as a protective factor against the negative effects of stress, helping individuals cope with challenging situations

Control-Enhancing Interventions

Is a therapeutic or supportive approach designed to increase an individual’s perception of control over their circumstances, particularly in healthcare or aging contexts

Coping Strategies

Conscious methods and behaviors used to manage stress, emotions, and challenging life situations effectively

Coping Style

The specific methods or strategies individuals use to manage stress, emotions, and challenging situations

Direct Effects Hypothesis

Proposes that a variable, such as stress or social support, can directly influence health or well-being outcomes without being mediated by other factors

Emotion-Focused Coping

Is a strategy aimed at managing emotional responses to stressors rather than addressing the stressors themselves

Emotional Support

Showing care and compassion for another person

Informational Support

Refers to the provision of helpful information and guidance to individuals in need, particularly during stressful or challenging situations

Invisible Support

Recipients are completely unaware of the supportive transaction between themselves and support-givers

Matching Hypothesis

Argues that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction

Negative Affectivity

Is a personality trait characterized by a stable tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, irritability, and distress

Problem-Focused Coping

Is a stress-management strategy that involves directly addressing the source of stress to reduce or eliminate it

Psychological Control

A form of manipulation that influences an individual's thoughts and feelings, often leading to negative outcomes for mental health and well-being

Self-Esteem

The confidence and respect you have for your own worth, abilities, and overall self, influencing how you think, feel, and behave

Social Support

The assistance, comfort, and care we receive from our social networks, which helps us cope with stress, maintain well-being, and foster resilience

Stress Carriers

Chemical messengers that play a role in the body’s physiological and behavioral responses to stress

Stress Management

The practice of using techniques and strategies to control your stress levels, improve your response to stress, and maintain overall well-being

Stress Moderators

Factors that influence how individuals experience and cope with stress, affecting their overall well-being and resilience

Tangible Assistance

Direct, physical, or practical help provided to meet immediate needs, such as food, shelter, clothing, or financial aid

Time Management

The process of planning, organizing, and prioritizing tasks to use your time efficiently and achieve goals effectively