used science to break down each task and find the best way to do each task. He believed these were the steps to achieve maximum efficiency and motivation. 1. Divide work into specialized tasks (division of labor). 2. Use time and motion studies to find the most efficient methods. 3. Provide workers with proper training and equipment. 4. Pay workers based on output (piece-rate pay). 5. Closely supervise workers to maintain quality and productivity.